Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 5.djvu/178

166 some considerable development in 1843 and 1844, when a competition was going on for the decoration of the new House of Parliament. Dyce and Maclise have left ex amples of uncommon mark in this line.  CARTWRIGHT,, D.D., F.R.S. (1743-1823), inventor of the power-loom, was born at Marnham, Not tinghamshire, April 24, 1743, and educated at Wakefield grammar school. He began his academical studies at Oxford in University College, but in 1762 he was elected a demy of Magdalen College, where, in 1764, he succeeded to a fellowship. In 1 770 he published AT mine and Elvira, a legendary tale in verse, which passed through seven editions in little more than a year. It was followed in 1779 by The Prince of Peace, the best of his poetical pro ductions. In 1779 he was presented to the rectory of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire, to which was added a prebend in the Cathedral of Lincoln. He would probably have passed an obscure life as a country clergyman had not his attention been accidentally turned in 1784 to the possibility of applying machinery to weaving. The result was that he invented the power-loom, for which he took out a patent in 1785. At this period he removed to Doncaster, where he established a weaving and spinning factory, which proved a failure; and in 1796 he settled in London. His first power-loom was a rude contrivance, but he afterwards greatly improved it, and made it an almost perfect machine. The first mill on his plan, that of Messrs Grimshaws of Manchester, was wilfully destroyed by fire in 1791. In spite, however, of the opposition of the hand-weavers, the use of power-looms had in 1807 greatly increased; but as his patent was about to expire, this extraordinary mechanical genius would have derived no benefit from his invention, had not Parliament voted him a grant of 10,000 in consideration of his having contri buted so largely to the commercial prosperity of the nation. Besides the power-loom Cartwright invented machines for combing wool and making ropes, and he was also the author of many improvements in the arts, manufactures, and agriculture. He passed his latter years on a farm he had purchased near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he died October 30, 1823. He was the younger brother of Major John Cart- wright, the subject of the following notice.  CARTWRIGHT, (1740-1824), known as, one of the earliest and most honourable of English parliamentary reformers, was born at Marnham in Nottinghamshire, September 28, 1740. He received his education at Newark grammar school, and at Heath Academy in Yorkshire, and at the age of eighteen entered the navy. He was present, in his first year of service, at the capture of Cherbourg, and served in the following year in the action between Sir Edward Hawke and Admiral Conflans. Engaged afterwards under Sir Hugh Palliser and Admiral Byron on the Newfoundland station, he was appointed to act as chief magistrate of the settle ment ; and the duties of this post he discharged with singular uprightness and efficiency for five years. During this period he explored the interior of the island and discovered Lieutenant s Lake. Ill health necessitated his retirement from active service for a time in 1771. When the disputes with the American colonies began, he saw clearly that the colonists had right on their side, and warmly supported their cause. At the beginning of the war he was offered the appointment of first lieutenant to the duke of Cumberland, which would have put him on the path of certain promotion. But he declined to fight against the cause which he felt to be just, and thus nobly renounced the prospects of advancement in his profession. In 1774 he published his first plea on behalf of the colonists, entitled American Independence the Glory and Interest of Great Britain. In the following year, when the Nottinghamshire Militia was first raised, he was ap pointed major, and in this capacity he served for seventeen years. He was at last illegally superseded, because of his political opinions. In 1776 appeared his first work on reform in Parliament, which, with the exception of Earl Stanhope s pamphlets (1774), appears to have been the earliest publication on the subject. It was entitled, Take your Choice, a second edition appearing under the new title of The Legislative Rights of the Commonalty vindicated. The task of his life was thenceforth chiefly the attainment of universal suffrage and annual Parliaments. In 1778 lie was an unsuccessful candidate for the representation of Nottinghamshire ; and the same year he conceived the project of a political association, which took shape in 1780 as the&quot; Society for Constitutional Information, &quot;and which included among its members some of the most distinguished men of the day. From this society sprang the more famous &quot; Corresponding Society.&quot; Major Cartwright, working unweariedly for the promotion of reform, published many pamphlets which it is needless to enumerate here, carried on a very extensive correspondence, and attended a great number of public meetings. He was one of the witnesses on the trial of his friends, Home Tooke, Thelwall, and Hardy, in 1794, and was himself indicted for conspiracy in 1819. He was found guilty in the following year, and was condemned to pay a fine of 100. He married in 1780, and his wife survived him. He had no children. He took up his abode in London in 1810, settled in Burton Crescent in 1819, ajid there spent his last years. He was warmly loved by all who knew him personally ; for, while the world looked chiefly at his inflexibility of political principle, his family and friends saw his unswerving integrity, his gentle-heartedness, his warm affections, his unvarying courtesy and rare simplicity of life. His health began to fail in 1823 ; and his spirits were greatly depressed at the same time both by public arid private sorrows. The reverses in Spain and the execution of Riego touched him deeply, and more closely still the illness of a sister and the death of his brother, noticed above. He died in London, on the 23d September 1824. In 1826 appeared, in two volumes, TJie Life and Cor respondence of Major Cartwright, edited by his niece, F. D. Cartwright. A complete list of his writings is included in this work. In 1831 a monument was erected to him in Burton Crescent, from a design by Macdowell.  CARTWRIGHT, (c. 1535-1603), a Puritan divine, was born in Hertfordshire about the year 1535. He studied divinity at St John s College, Cambridge, but during the reign of Mary was compelled to adopt the legal profession. On the accession of Elizabeth, he resumed his theological studies, and was soon afterwards elected fellow of Trinity College. In 1570, he was appointed Margaret divinity professor ; butDr Whitgift, on becoming chancellor in 1571, deprived him of the post. This was a natural consequence of the use which he made of his position. He inveighed bitterly against the hierarchy. He attacked the Elizabethan theory of a state-controlled church, advocating, on the contrary, a church-controlled state, in which the presbyter was to enjoy a lofty authority, for his use of which he was to be responsible to God alone. He even taug^* that no opinions but his own were to be tolerated, and that heresy against them was a sin deserving of death. Immediately after this he removed to the Con tinent, and officiated as clergyman to the English residents, first at Antwerp and then at Middleburg. On his return he became still further embroiled with Dr Whitgift and the Government, on account of his Admonition to Parliament, which was full of the most violent attacks on the existing condition of church and state. In 1590 he was summoned before the Star Chamber and imprisoned, and in 1591 he 