Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/891

Rh 1699, under the title of Iconografia di Gio. Ag. Canini. It contains 150 engravings. A reprint in Italian and French appeared at Amsterdam in 1731.  CANITZ, (1 654-1 G99), a German poet and politician of noble family, was born at Berlin in 1654. He attended the universities of Leyden and Leipsic, and travelled in England, France, and Italy. In 1680 he became councillor of legation, and Frederick I. made him councillor of state, privy councillor, baron of the empire, and plenipotentiary at the Hague, all which positions he appears to have filled with credit. His reputation is, however, founded upon his verse. He believed that a great reform might be effected in German literature by the introduction of the rules of French taste ; and, consequently, he became an imitator of Boileau, and through him of Horace, the polished grace of whose verse he attained in some measure, though he does not always avoid turgiclity and bombast.  CANNÆ, in Ancient Geography, a town of Apulia, on the River Aufidus, 6 miles from its mouth. It is famous for a terrible defeat which the Romans received there from the Carthaginians under Hannibal, 216 B.C. A great diversity of opinion has prevailed as to the exact spot on which the battle was fought, whether, as has been the general belief, on the south side of the river, or on the north bank, as is maintained by the best authorities, in cluding Niebuhr, Swinburne, &c. The site of the town, which continued to exist at least till the 13th century, is still marked by ancient ruins, among which the most important are those of an aqueduct, an amphitheatre, and a triumphal arch. In a neighbouring rock are several large sepulchral excavations, in which vases and paintings have been discovered.  CANNES, a seaport of France, and the chief town of the department of Var on the Mediterranean, 15 miles S.W. of Nice and 25 miles N.E. of Draguignan, in 43 34 N. lat. and 7 E. long. It enjoys a southern exposure oh a seaward slope, and is defended from the northern winds by ranges of hills. Previous to 1831, when it first attracted the attention of Lord Brougham, it mainly consisted of the old quarter (named Sucquet), and had little to show except an ancient castle, and a church on the top of Mont Chevalier, dedicated in 1603 to Notre Dame d Espdrance ; but since that period it has become a large and important town, and one of the most fashionable winter resorts in the south of France, much frequented by English visitors. The neigh bourhood is thickly studded with villas, which are solidly built of a stone so soft that it is sawn and not hewn. There is an excellent quay, and a beautiful promenade runs along the beach ; and numerous sheltered roads stretch up the valleys amidst groves of olive trees. On the top of the hill behind the town are a Roman Catholic and a Protestant cemetery. In the most prominent part of the latter is the grave of Lord Brougham, distinguished by a massive stone cross standing on a double basement, with the simple inscrip tion &quot; Henricus Brougham, Natus MDCCLXXVIIL, De- cessit MDCCCLXVIII.;&quot; and in the immediate vicinity lies James, fourth duke of Montrose, who died December 1874. The country around is very beautiful and highly fertile ; orange and lemon trees are cultivated like peach-trees in England, while olives, almonds, figs, peaches, grapes, and other fruits are grown in abundance, and, along with the produce of the fisheries, form the chief exports of the town. Essences of various kinds are manufactured, and flowers are extensively cultivated for the perfumers. The climate of Cannes has been the subject of a considerable variety of opinion, the preponderance being, however, in its favour. According to Dr De Valcourt, it is remarkable by reason of the elevation and regularity of the temperature during the height of the day, the clearness of the atmosphere and abundance of light, the rarity of rain and the absence of fogs. The following are a few of his numerous observa tions of winter temperature, given in degrees Fahr.:—

1966-1867. 1872-1873. Maxima. Minima. Maxima, j Minima. November. 72 to 56 56 to 34 67 to 47 59 to 34 December. 69 52 56 84 60, 47 44 28 January. 65 47 50 27 62, 50 50 34 February. 65 56 53 38 69, 52 50 39 March. 71 49 54 38 69, 56 54 39 April. 76 68 58 39 75, 57 58 35 Cannes is a place of great antiquity, but its earlier history is very obscure. It was twice destroyed by the Saracens in the 8th and the 10th centuries ; but it was afterwards repeopled by a colony from Genoa. In 1815 Napoleon landed in the vicinity after his escape from Elba ; and opposite the town is the island of St Marguerite (one of tho Lerins), in the citadel of which the Man with the Iron Mask was confined from 1686 to 1698, and which has acquired a recent notoriety as the prison whence Marshal Bazaine escaped in August 1874. Population of the town in 1872j 9618.

1em  CANNIBALISM, the eating of human flesh by men. This practice has existed from the most ancient times, and has given rise to descriptive terms such as Gr. dv$po&amp;gt;7ro&amp;lt;/&amp;gt;ayos (Lat. anthropophayus), Anglo-Sax. man-&amp;lt;xta, Eng. man-eater. Since the discovery of the New World, the name of the Garibs of the West India Islands, recorded by Columbus under the Latinized forms Canibales or Garibales, has come into popular use as a generic term for man-eaters, cannibals. Man being by nature carnivorous as well as frugivorous, and human flesh being not unfit for human food, the question first arises why mankind generally have not only avoided it, but have looked with horror on exceptional individuals and races addicted to cannibalism. It is evident on consideration that both emotional and religious motives must have contributed to bring about this prevailing state of mind. Simple association of thoughts causes the remains of a dead kinsman or friend to be treated with respect and tenderness, as may be seen from the conduct of some of the rudest races. Acting in another way, the same ideal association attaches the horror of death to anything con nected with the dead, so that many tribes will avoid the mention of a dead man s name, and will even abandon his hut, and destroy the furniture he has used ; this sentiment must tend to preserve the corpse from violation. More over, the religious doctrine that the soul outlives the body, continuing in ghostly shape to visit the living, and retain ing a certain connection with the mortal remains it once inhabited, has evidently led the survivors to propitiate this honoured and dreaded spirit by respectful disposal of the corpse. Taking this combination of causes into con sideration, it is readily understood why aversion to canni balism must be taken as a rule established at a very early stage of culture, and we have only to consider what causes have from time to time led to its infraction. The principal of these have been the pressure of famine, the fury of hatred, and sometimes even a morbid kindness, with certain motives of magic and religion, to which must be added the strong tendency of cannibalism, once started in any of these ways, to develop a confirmed appetite which will afterwards be indulged for its own sake.

I. Famine.—The records of shipwrecks and sieges prove that famine will sometimes overcome the horror of cannibalism among men of the higher nations. Thus it is not surprising that savages, from their want of food adapted 