Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/840

762 universities and clergy to dispute with him. In July 1581 he was apprehended along with Parsons and two other agents at Lyford in Berks, and thrown into the Tower, on a charge of having excited the people to rebellion, and holding treasonable correspondence with foreign powers. Having been found guilty, he was condemned to death, and was executed at Tyburn, Dec. 1, 1581, with several others of his order. He is admitted to have been a man of great abilities, an eloquent orator, a subtle philosopher, and able diplomatist ; and he is praised by all writers, whether Pro testant or Roman Catholic, not only for his talents and acquirements, but also for the amiability of his disposition. A full account of the Jesuit mission in which Campian took part will be found in Froude s History of England, vol. xi.  CAMPLI, a town of Italy, in the province of Abruzzo Ulteriore I., 5 miles north of Teramo. It has a cathedral, an abbey, and several churches and convents. Population, 7770.  CAMPOBASSO, a city of Italy, the capital of the pro vince Molise, 53 miles N.N.E. of Naples. It is situated on the ascent of the mountain Monteverde, around which it forms a kind of amphitheatre. It is fortified, and con tains a cathedral, the ruins of a castle, a small theatre, a hospital, and various other public buildings. The most important industry is the making of steel and cutlery, and there is a considerable export trade in corn. Population, 14,090.  CAMPOBELLO, a town of Sicily, in the province of Trapani, 7 miles E.S.E. from Mazzara. In the neighbour hood are the interesting quarries of Eocca di Cusa, from which the blocks were obtained for the buildings of the ancient Selinus. Population, 5575.  CAMPOBELLO DI LICATA, a town of Sicily, in the province of Girgenti, and 20 miles E.S.E. of the city of that name, on a tributary of the Salso. It possesses valuable sulphur mines. Population, 6301.  CAMPOMANES, (1710- 1802), a Spanish statesman and writer, was born in Asturias about 1710, or, according to other authorities, in 1723. From 1788 to 1793 he was president of the council of Castile ; but on the accession of Charles IV. he was removed from his office, and retired from public life, regretted by the true friends of his country. His first literary work was Antiquidad Maritima de la Republica de Cartago, with an appendix containing a translation of the Voyage of Hanno the Carthaginian, with curious notes. This appeared in a quarto volume in 1756. His principal works are two admirable essays, Discurso sobre el Fomento de. la Industria Popular, 1774, and Discurso sobre la Ediicacion Popular de los Artesanos y su Fomento, 1775. As a supplement to the last, he published four appendices, each considerably larger than the original essay. The first contains reflections on the origin of the decay of arts and manufactures in Spain during the last century. The second points out the steps necessary for improving or re-establish ing the old manufactures, and contains a curious collection of royal ordinances and rescripts regarding the encourage ment of arts and manufactures, and the introduction of foreign raw materials. The third treats of the guild laws of artisans, contrasted with the results of Spanish legislation and the municipal ordinances of towns. The fourth con tains eight essays of Francisco Martinez de Mata on national commerce, with some observations adapted to present cir cumstances. These were all printed at Madrid in 1774 and 1777, in five volumes. Count Campomanes died in 1802.  CAMUCCINI, (1775-1844), the most famous of the modern historical painters of Italy, was born at Rome in 1775. He was educated by his brother Pictro, a picture- restorer, and Bombelli, an engraver, and, up to the age of thirty, attempted nothing higher than copies of the great masters, his especial study being Raffaelle. As an original painter, Camuccini belongs to the school of David. His works are rather the fruits of great cleverness and patient care than of fresh and original genius ; and his style was essentially imitative. He enjoyed immense popularity, both personally and as an artist, and received many honours and preferments from the Papal and other Italian courts. He was appointed director of the Academy of San Luca and of the Neapolitan Academy at Rome, and conservator of the pictures of the Vatican. He was also made chevalier of nearly all the orders in Italy, and member of the Legion of Honour. His chief works are the classical paintings of the Assassination of Caesar, the Death of Virginia, the Devotion of the Roman Women, Young Romulus and Remus, Horatius Codes, the St Thomas, which was copied in mosaic for St Peter s, the Presentation of Christ, in the Temple, and a number of excellent portraits. He died at Rome September 2, 1844.  CAMUS, (1699-1768), a French mathematician and mechanician, was born at Cr^cy- en-Brie, near Meaux, on the 25th August 1699. At the age of twelve he was able to maintain himself by teaching at the College de Navarre in Paris, where he devoted himself to mathematics, civil and military architecture, and astronomy. He became Associate of the Acad6mie des Sciences, professor of geometry, secretary to the Academy of Architecture, and member of the Royal Society of London. In 1736 he accompanied Maupertuis and Clairvaut in an expedition to Lapland for the measurement of a degree of the meridian, when he rendered essential service, not only as a geometrician and astronomer, but also by his remarkable skill in the mechanical arts. He died on the 2d February 1768. He was the author of a Cours de MatMmatiques (Paris, 1766), and a number of essays on mathematical and mechanical subjects. <section end="CAMUS" /> <section begin="CANA" />CANA, of Galilee, a village of Palestine, remarkable as the birthplace of Nathanael, and the scene of Christ s &quot; beginning of miracles.&quot; Its exact site is unknown, but it is evident from the Biblical narrative that it was in the neighbourhood of Capernaum. By a tradition as old as the 8th century it is identified with Kefr Kenna, and by a more modern hypothesis with Kana-el-Jelil. The former lies about 4 miles N.W. of Nazareth, and contains the ruins of a church and a small Christian population ; the latter is an uninhabited village about 9 miles N. of Nazareth, with no remains of antiquity but a few cisterns. <section end="CANA" /> <section begin="CANAAN" />CANAAN, a geographical name of archaic Hebrew origin, generally supposed to mean &quot; depression,&quot; &quot;lowland,&quot; and hence fitly applied to various low-lying districts of Syria, viz., Phoenicia (Isa. xxiii. 11 ; Josh. v. 1, where the LXX. has riys ^OIVIK^S), Philistia (Zeph. ii. 5), and the valley of the Jordan (as implied in Num. xiii. 29, cf. Josh. xi. 3). It is, however, also applied to the whole of the territory conquered by the Israelites on the west side of the Jordan (Gen. xi. 31, xii. 5 ; Num. xiii. 2, 17, &c.), the boundaries of which are given in Gen. xv. 18 as &quot; the river of Egypt,&quot; (i.e., the Wady, or torrent-valley, el-Arlsh), and &quot;the great river,&quot; the River Euphrates. Probably the Israelites found the name in use in the Jordan Valley, and, as a part of this was the first district they con quered, extended it to their subsequent acquisitions. We have good parallels for this extension in the use of Argos for the whole of the Peloponnese, and of Hellas for the mainland of Greece. Of course this theory implies that the original signification of the word had been forgotten, as was so often the case with Hebrew proper names. The Phoenicians likewise accepted the name of Canaan. Hecatiwus of Miletus (about 520 B.C.) knew Xva as a <section end="CANAAN" />