Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/820

742 Universalists, as holding the universal reference of Christ s death, and sometimes Amyraldists. The rigid adherents to the Synod of Dort accused them of Pelagianism, and even of Manicheism, and the controversy between the parties was carried on with great zeal ; yet the whole question between them was only, whether the will of man is determined by the immediate action of God upon it, or by the intervention of a knowledge which God impresses on the mind. The Synod of Dort had laid down the position that God not only illuminates the understanding, but gives motion to the will by making an internal change therein ; whereas Cameron admitted only the illumination by which the mind is morally moved, and attempted to explain the decision of the Synod of Dort so as to make the two opinions consistent.  CAMERON, ( ? -1680), the founder of the Cameronians, was born at Falkland, in the county of Fife. The date of his birth is not known. His father, who was a shopkeeper in that town, gave him such an education as the village school afforded ; and his success was so great that, while still a youth he was appointed schoolmaster. In this situation he had opportunities of becoming acquainted with some of the more enthusiastic field- preachers, who at this time wandered through the country disseminating their doctrines. Persuaded by them he resigned his situation, and shortly after entered the family of Sir Walter Scott of Harden as chaplain and tutor. He did not remain there long, however, for, refusing to acknow ledge the Indulgence, he joined the ranks of the noncon- f orming ministers, and incited the inhabitants of the southern counties of Scotland to protest openly against the new edict. So formidable was the agitation that the Government thought fit to interfere, and pronounced illegal all armed assemblages for religious purposes. Cameron was obliged to take refuge in Holland, where he resided for some time; but in the spring of 1680 he returned to Scotland, and once more made himself for midable and obnoxious to the Government. Shortly after the defeat of the Covenanters at Bothwell Bridge in that year, Cameron was slain in a skirmish at the Aird s Moss, fighting bravely at the head of the few troops which he had been able to collect, and which formed the nucleus of the renowned regiment in the British army afterwards known by his name.  CAMEROONS, or perhaps preferably, is the greatest mountain-mass on the western coast of Africa. It is situated at the angle of the Bight of Biafra, directly opposite the island of Fernando Po, with which it has evidently an intimate geological connection. Its European name is said to be derived from the Portuguese Camaraos (shrimps or prawns), and to have been bestowed by the early discoverers on the neighbouring coast from the abund ance of its Crustacea. The native designation of the highest peak is Mongo-ma-Loba, or the Mountain of the Sky, and the whole upper region is usually called Mongo-mo-Ndemi, or the Mountain of Greatness. The area of the Cameroons proper is calculated at about 380 square miles; but off shoots and underfallsseem to stretch both north and south for considerable distances. The pile is of distinctly volcanic formation, and the higher district contains numerous craters and lava-beds of comparatively recent date. On the principal summit, whose twin peaks of Mount Albert and Victoria rise to a height of about 12,120 feet above the sea-level, there are one small and two large craters, from which, if native report can be trusted, eruptions have taken place within the memory of man (1838). The lower portions of the mass are occupied by a luxuriant vegetation of palms, acacias, fig-trees, kokos, plantains, and a rich variety of tree and shrub ; while at the height of about 7000 feet these give place to ferns, grasses, and heaths. The climate of the middle zone would render it an excellent site for a sanatorium for Euro peans debilitated by the malaria of the neighbouring coasts ; and the fertility of the soil would soon raise the district to great commercial importance, if it were brought under cultivation. The native tribes which in habit the mountain sides are comparatively few, and have a very small proportion of the surface in actual possession. To the south of the Cameroons lies the Bay of Ambas (Ambozes, or Amboize), with the two islands of Ndami and Mondori. It forms a well-sheltered harbour, and is capable of receiving the largest vessels. In 1 837 the king of Bimbia on the mainland made over a large part of the country round the bay to Colonel Nicolls, and in 1848 he agreed to abolish human sacrifices at the funerals of his great men. In 1858 a settlement was made on the coast at the mouth of a small river, flowing into Morton Cove, now known as the Victoria River. The settlers were Mr Saker, a Baptist missionary, and his converts, who removed from Fernando Po, when the Spanish authorities published an edict forbidding public worship to be celebrated by any but the Roman Catholic clergy. To the south-east of the mountains flows the Cameroons River, where the Baptist mission has had a station since 1850. The most important tribe is the Duallas, whose language has been reduced to writing within recent years. The ascent of the Cameroons Mountains was -first attempted by Mr Merrick in 1847; but it was not till 1861 that the summit was actually gained by Captain Richard Burton and Mr Mann, a botanist. See Burton s Abeokuta and the Cameroons Mountains, 1863 ; papers by Mr Mann in the Proceedings of the Linnaian Society ; also Zeitschrift d. Gesellschaft fur Erdk. zu Berlin, 1874, and Petermann s Mittheil., 1863.  CAMILLUS CAMILLA, in Roman Antiquity, the title applied to the boys and girls who were occupied in the ceremonies of sacrifice, whether temporarily or as a preparation for their entering the priesthood. In the latter case it was necessary that they should be the children of parents still alive (patrimi et matrimi) and freeborn. The name Camillus has been identified with the Cadmilus or Casmilus of the Samothracian mysteries.  CAMILLUS,, one of the most illus trious heroes of the Roman republic. He triumphed four times, was five times dictator, and was honoured with the appellation of Second Founder of Rome. When accused of having unfairly distributed the spoil taken at Veii, he anticipated judgment, and went voluntarily into exile at Ardea. But during his exile, instead of rejoicing at the devastation of Rome by the Gauls, he exerted himself to repel the enemy, and yet kept with the utmost strictness the sacred law of Rome, in refusing to accept the com mand, which was offered him by several private persons. The Romans, when besieged in the Capitol by the Gauls, created him dictator ; and in this capacity he acted with so much bravery and conduct, that he entirely drove the enemy out of the territories of the commonwealth. He died of the plague in the eighty -first year of his age, 365 B.C. The famous story of Camillus and the schoolmaster belongs to the campaign against the Faliscans in 394. It is said that when Caniillus appeared before Falerii, a schoolmaster attempted to betray the town by bringing into his camp the sons of some of the principal inhabitants of the place. Camillus, indignant at such baseness, ordered that the traitor should have his hands tied behind him, and be whipped into the town by his own scholars. It is said that the Faliscans were so affected by the gene rosity of the Roman general that they immediately sur rendered (Livy; Plutarch). For a critical estimate of the amount of historic truth that lies under the somewhat legendary history of Camillus see.