Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/82

72 under that of Fenelon. Bossuet, by his attitude, alike unjust and ungenerous, has left an indelible stain upon his otherwise brilliant reputation, while the man for whose condemnation he resorted to violence and intrigue con ducted himself with the meekness and charity of a saint. Attacked by a painful disorder, of which the premonitory symptoms appeared in 1696, the venerable prelate lingered on until the 12th of April 1704, when he died at Paris in his 77th year, amid the tokens of universal regret.

Of unrivalled eloquence and consummate learning, an intrepid controversialist and defender of the faith, as well as the most conscientious and diligent of bishops, he will probably be remembered longest as the champion of the ancient rights and liberties of the Gallican Church, and the representative of a phase of Catholicism which the Vatican council has for ever banished from within the Roman pale.

(Author:Archibald Browning Connell) 

BOSTON, a ary and  and   of, in the  of  and  of. It is situated in a rich district on the, six miles from the , and thirty miles S.E. of  on the , in  N. undefined and  E. undefined.

Boston is by some supposed to have been a station in the  of, but of this sufficient evidence does not seem to exist. According to the, , the of , founded a  at  in 654, which was destroyed by the  in 870. From this Boston is said to have taken its name ('s ). It became a place of considerable importance after the, and, in 1204, when the quinzième  was imposed on the s of , that of Boston amounted to 780, and was exceeded only by that of , which was 836. A great annual was held in the town at this period. By 27th it was made a  for, s, , and. Its prosperity about this time induced merchants from the and other  commercial cities to settle here ; a century later, however, these foreigners were obliged to leave, in consequence of a quarrel with the townsmen. From this time it rapidly declined. The dissolution of the by  injured the town, though compensation was in some degree made by granting it a  of ; and  and  endowed it with upwards of 500 of land. It afterwards suffered from the and from, to which its low situation rendered it particularly liable. It was for some time the headquarters of 's.

Boston is well, , and. It is divided into two nearly equal parts by the, here crossed by an elegant  of one , 86 feet in span. At one time the supply of was very deficient ; but, in virtue of an  passed in 1847, there is now a plentiful supply conveyed by  from a distance of twelve miles. The principal is the   of, founded in 1309, and partly restored in 1857 at the expense of the inhabitants of  in , in memory of their connection with the. It is one of the largest churches without s in the kingdom, being 290 feet by 98 within the walls. The, 290 feet in height, resembles that of , and is crowned by a beautiful octagonal , forming a landmark seen forty s off. A was erected in 1822. There is a free, founded in 1554, a charity school for the sons of poor , a blue-coat, national, and other schools. There is also a, a , a -house, a -house, assembly rooms, a , a , a house of correction, a union ,  s, a mechanics institution, , , an , and a , built in imitation of. The s consist chiefly of -,, , s, , , s, and s. There are also and  foundries, and , with patent slips, where s of 200 s are built.

From neglect to clear the river, it became so obstructed that in 1750 a of 40 or 50 s could with difficulty come up to the town at spring s. Since that period great improvements have been made, and vessels of 300 tons are enabled to unload in the town. The s are chiefly, , , and from the , and  and manufactures coastwise ; the s, , , , and other  produce. The total value of the former was in 1873, 200,825, and of the latter 86,571. By means of the river and the s connected therewith, Boston has navigable communication with, , , and. The connects it with, , and other towns in the north, and the  with  and the south ; another line extends to. It has returned two members to since the reign of  The title of  of Boston is borne by the Irby family. In 1871 the population within the ary boundaries was 18,279; within the, 14,526. 

BOSTON, the capital of the of, in Suffolk , and the second  in , wealth,  , and valuation in the. It lies at the bottom of, and is one of many -shaped s formerly attached to the mainland only by narrow y necks, which fringed the shores of the. The Charles River, once more than double its present width, divides it from the similar promontory of (the site of the  of ), on the other side of which the Mystic River, uniting with the Charles, flows into the. The latest determination gives the of Boston  N., and the   E. from  and  W. from. When it is noon in Boston it is 4 o'clock 44 minutes and 14 seconds at, and 36 minutes past 11 at , which is distant by 450 s.

The name of the  was &ldquo;Shawmut,&rdquo; meaning &ldquo;living s.&rdquo; When, with his company, came over from  with the king's charter, to establish a  under it in the bay, they reached , as a temporary settlement, on  17, 1630. Looking across the Charles, the Shawmut presented to the eye an elevation nearly in its centre, with three distinct summit peaks, the remnants of the only one of which now remaining constitute the present Beacon Hill, so called from its ancient use as a signal warning station. These triple summits led to the substitution of the name &ldquo;Trimountaine,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Tremont,&rdquo; as the designation of the whole —a favourite title perpetuated in the name of a central ,