Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/808

732 priory. At Stourbridge is the disused chapel of an ancient hospital for lepers. The greatest fair in England was one held here. The little village of Trumpington is a favourite locality. Granchester has some remains which make it a question whether it or Cambridge Castle was the site of the old Roman station. Byron s Pool is in the river here. Madingley is a fine old mansion, the residence of the Prince of Wales when at Cambridge, and possibly the scene of Gray s Elegy. Between this place and Cambridge is the Observatory. The central dome revolves on wheels, and can be moved by a single hand. The remarkable tele scope was presented by the late duke of Northumberland in 1835. A favourite walk is to the very moderate elevation known as the Gogmagog Hills, an off-shoot of the chalk range, the summit of which has been a Roman camp and a lord-treasurer s abode. The Ladies College at Girton may also be mentioned. Chesterton and Cherry Hinton are familiar resorts of Cambridge men. These are environs of Cambridge. The borough population of Cambridge in 1871 was 30,078, consisting of 13,742 males and 16,286 females.  CAMBRIDGE, a of the, in the of Middlesex,. It lies on Charles, three s N.W. of , with which it is connected by two s, with long causeways, and by s, or s. It is the seat of , the oldest, richest, and most thoroughly equipped literary institution in the. Connected with the is an, in 42° 22′ 48″ N. . and 71° 8′ W. . Under the name of Newtown a settlement was made on its territory, then much more extended than at present, by some of the first company of   on  in 1630. It was then proposed to make it the of the ; but the neighbouring  of  was found more convenient for  and  against the. The order of the  in 1636 having provided for planting a  at Newtown, its name was changed to Cambridge, in honour of the , where some of the leading men of the  had been. The first company of settlers, being 's and congregation, moved to  in 1636, to find better. Their rights were purchased by another body of just arrived from. The present site of the halls was originally “” by s, within which the settlers found protection at  for themselves and their  against a possible inroad of the. Here was set up the first in the, and from it issued 's  of the , for the , in their own. Under the title of “Cambridge Farms,” the present town of, as such in 1712, was a part of the original. The of, now annexed to the  of , formerly South Cambridge, or Little Cambridge, was separated and received its present name in 1807; and the west part of the original settlement, known as Menotomy, was marked off in the same year, as West Cambridge, now known as Arlington. Between this place and Cambridge is North Cambridge; and the districts of the nearest to, by the two s, are called Cambridge  and East Cambridge. Cambridge was as a  in 1846. It is for the most part level, with much land near the, portions of which are in process of being. The of  is on the western border of the. The of Cambridge in 1874 was 50,337; the numbers of s for, 11,983; of dwellings, 7383. The valuation was—of personal, $17,532,971; of , $49,043,700; total, $66,576,671. The net of the  incurred for, , -houses, and other improvements, is $3,792,135. The appropriation for 1874 was $2,771,508. Total cost of the, $1,399,396. The department, with 60 officers, cost $71,710;, $97,355; filling up low lands, $650,000. The average number of paupers, 129; net cost of their maintenance, $38,000. Cost of, $20,157. The is very complete and efficient, including a high, 7 grammar s, 18 primaries, and a training ,—with 183 teachers; cost of maintenance, $260,187.47. Cambridge was the site of the camp of the first, at the outbreak of the with. From it went the detachment which intrenched on ; and here took  of the,  3, 1775.  CAMBYSES, a Persian royal name, derived from the Greek [ Greek ], in which form it appears in Herodotus and in the Greek writers generally. In inscriptions from Egypt the name is given as Ka/A/Jixrais (Letronne, Eecueil d. inscrip. grecq., ii. pp. 350, 356, /.), In the old-Persian of the Behistun inscription it stands in the form Kabujiya (Rawliuson) or Kambujiya (Oppert, Spiegel). In Zend the name takes the form Kavaus, and in Arabic and modern Persian it is worn down still further to Kavus and Kaus. In Egyptian the name occurs under three forms of transcription,- Kanbuza, Kembatet (Lepsius, Konigsbuck, taf. xlix.), or rather Kambuzia, and Kambunsa (Lauth, Ein neuer Kambyses-text, p. 5). The etymology of the name is obscure, and the attempts to explain it by Rawlin- son (Jour. As. Soc., xi. p. 97) and Benfey (Die persischen Keilinschriften, p. 77) cannot be regarded as successful. It has been often remarked that the name, or one very similar, occurs more than once in the East as an ethnical and geographical designation. Thus we find Camboja a territory in India, Kamoj a tribe of the Kafirs in Cabul ; and a territory named Cambysene, situated in the north on the Kur, is known to Greek geographers. In the same region there was a river called Cambyses, the modern Jora. Perhaps with Spiegel (Eranische Alterthumskunde, vol. ii. p. 294) we may regard the personal name Kambujiya as originally an adjective, meaning belonging to Kambuja. In Egypt, also, Cambysu occurs in the Itinerarium as the name of a place in the Delta, but this is probably derived from the Persian king about to be mentioned, by whom Egypt was conquered. The persons known by the name of Cambyses belong to the Achsemenian line of Persian kings. It is thought that the great-grandfather of Cyrus the Great was thus called. The evidence, however, for the existence of this Cambyses, though strong, is constructive rather than direct (see Rawlinson s Herodotus, vol. iv. p. 259). It is certain that the father of Cyrus was named Cambyses. He is called by Herodotus (i. 107) &quot;a Persian of good family,&quot; but by Xenophon (Cyrop., i. 11, 1) he is denominated &quot;king of the Persians.&quot; The justness of this title is proved by an inscription on a brick found at Senkereh, in which Cyrus calls himself &quot; the sou of Cambyses, the powerful king,&quot; as well as by the statement of Darius Hystaspis, in the Behistun inscription (col. i. 4), that eight of his Achse- menian ancestors had been kings. During the reign of this Cambyses the Persian nation was included in the Median empire, and he is represented as the vassal of the Median king Astyages. At the same time he is said to have married Mandane, the daughter of Astyages, by whom he became the father of Cyrus. Such, at least, is the account of Herodotus, Xenophon, Diodorus, and Trogus Pompeius. Ctesias and Nicolaus Damascenus give a different representation. It is stated by Loftus (Chaldcea and Susiana, p. 224) that he found at Warka &quot;bricks inscribed in slightly 