Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/797

Rh diseases left him strength to discharge. A deep impression seems to have been made on all who visited him on his deathbed ; they saw iu him the noble spectacle of a great spirit that had done its life-work, calmly and trustfully passing through the gate of suffering into the long-desired and firmly-expected repose of heaven. He quietly expired in the arms of his faithful friend Beza, on the evening of the- 27th of May, in the fifty-fifth year of his age. Calvin was of middle stature ; his complexion was somewhat pallid and dark; his eyes, to the latest clear and lustrous, bespoke the acumen of his genius. He .was sparing in his food and simple in his dress ; he took but little sleep, and was capable of extraordinary efforts of intellectual toil. His memory was prodigious, but he used it only as the servant of his higher faculties. As a reasoner he has seldom been equalled, and the soundness and penetration of his judgment were such as to give to his conclusions in practical questions almost the appearance of predictions, and inspire in all his friends the utmost confidence in the wisdom of his counsels. As a theologian he stands on an eminence which only Augustine has surpassed ; whilst in his skill as an expositor of Scripture, and his terse and elegant style, he possessed advantages to which Augustine was a stranger. His private character was in harmony with his public reputation and position. If somewhat severe and irritable, he was at the same time scrupulously just, truthful, and steadfast; he never deserted a friend or took an unfair advantage of an antagonist ; and on befitting occasions he could be cheerful and even facetious among his intimates. &quot; I have been a witness of him for sixteen years,&quot; says Beza, &quot; and I think I am fully entitled to say that in this man there was exhibited to all an example of the life and death of the Christian, such as it will not be easy to depreciate, such as it will be difficult to emulate.&quot;  CALVISIUS, (1556-1617), a German astronomer and chronologer, was born at Groschleben, in Thuringia, in 1556. He studied at Helmstadt, where he made great progress in classical literature, as well as in the sciences in which he afterwards became so distinguished. He was offered a professorship of mathematics at Frankfort, and afterwards one at Wittenberg, both of which he declined. He agreed, however, to conduct the school of music, established at Pforte, an office which he afterwards exchanged for a similar situation at Leipsic. At Frankfort he published, in 1585, his Opus Ckronologicum, a work compiled on astronomical principles. He likewise organized a system of chronology, embodying the history of the world, upon an ingenious and original plan, highly commended by Casaubon and Scaliger. This work, which was strongly condemned iu the Index Expurgatorius, has been frequently reprinted. In 1612 Calvisius published his Elenchus Calendarii Grcgoriani, et duplex Calendarii melioris forma, in which he attempts to prove the inadequacy of the Gregorian calendar, and proposes to introduce a new system based upon astronomical principles. The only proof now extant of his musical knowledge is his treatise entitled Mclodiaj condendce ratio. He died at Leipsic in 1617.  CALYDON ([ Greek ]), an ancient town of yL tolia, 7i miles from the sea, on the Iliver Evenus. It was said to have been founded by Calydon, son of yEtolus ; to have been the scene of the hunting, by Meleager and other heroes, of the famous Calydonian boar, sent by Artemis to lay waste the fields ; and to have taken part in the Trojan war. In historical times, it is first mentioned (391 B.C.) as in the possession of the Achaeans, who retained it for twenty years, by the assistance of the Lacedaemonian king Agesilaus, notwithstanding the attacks of the Acarnanians. After the battle of Leuctra (371 B.C.) it was restored by Epaminondas to the JEtolians. In the time of Pompey it was a town of importance ; but Augustus removed its inhabitants to Nicopolis, which he founded to commemorate his victory at Actium (31 B.C.)  CALYPSO, in Grecian mythology, was a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, or of Nereus, or of Atlas, and reigned in the mythical island of Ogygia. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her shores, Calypso entertained the hero with great hospitality ; and by the united influence of her love and spells, she prevailed on him to remain and share her honours. In this manner seven years had been spent, when Ulysses was seized with an irresistible desire to revisit his native country. Calypso tried every expedient, and even the promise of eternal youth, to induce the hero to remain ; and when all her efforts had proved unavailing, and he set sail, grief at his departure occasioned her death. (Hesiod, Theog. 359 ; Horn., Od. i. 50, v. 28, vii. 254 ; Apollod. i. 2, 7.)  CAM,, a Portuguese discoverer, of noble birth, belonging to the latter half of the 15th century, is famous for having carried on, under Alphonso V., the discoveries in Western Africa commenced by Don Henry. He sailed round capes GoriQalvez and Catharina ; and having obtained great influence with the king of Congo, opened up that country for the introduction of Christianity. On his first voyage (1484) he was accompanied by Martin Behem, the astronomer and cosmographer. Subsequently Cam pene trated as far as 22 S. lat.  CAMALDULIANS,, or , an order of religious persons, founded by Romuald, an Italian, in the beginning of the llth century, in the desolate waste of Camaldoli, or Cacapo Malduli, on the lofty heights of the Apennines. Their rule was that of St Benedict; and their houses were never erected at less than five leagues from cities. The monks were divided into cenobites and eremites. The Camaldulians, till the close of the llth cen tury, were called generally Romualdins ; previously, Camal- dulianwas aparticular nameforthose of thedesert Camaldoli. Guido Grandi (1671-1742), a Camaldulian monk, and mathematician to the grand duke of Tuscany, published Camaldulian Dissertations, on the origin and establishment of this order. Pope Gregory XIII. was a Camaldulian.  CAMARINA, an ancient city of Sicily, situated on the south coast, near the mouth of the Hippuris or Fiume di Camarana, as it is still called, about 20 miles E. of Gela or Terranova. It was originally founded by the Syracusans in the 6th century B.C., but was shortly afterwards destroyed by the mother city, because it had thrown off its allegiance. Restored in 495 B.C. by Hippocrates of Gela, it was again depopulated by Gelon, the conquerer of Syracuse, and did not receive a permanent establishment till 461. During the next century the mainspring of its political action was usually antipathy to Syracuse, but on the Athenian invasion it ultimately sent assistance to the beleaguered city. The Carthaginians struck a severe blow at its prosperity in the 5th century B.C., and in 258 a large part of its inhabitants were sold as slaves by the Roman consuls. The town con tinued to exist in the 2d century of the Christian era, and its site is still marked by a considerable mass of ruins. M?) 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