Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/74

64 generally to all persons the of native raw material, specially permitting the burgesses  and  to  their own s, and such goods as they may buy in &ldquo;s,&rdquo; and to  against these s certain materials for, , or for use in their own s, with a general permission to  all. This extraordinary system was again changed in 1690 by an which declared that freemen of s should have the sole  of ing everything by  or  except, and also of ing by  everything which was not native raw material, which might be freely ed by. The were always allowed to  for their personal consumption and to  an equal quantity of commodities. The mentions that the s as an  of the  contributed one-sixth part of all, and were obliged to  and maintain s. Some of these  s were not abolished till the Act 9 and 10 undefined. c. 17. In the north of there was an association of s called the Hanse or Ansus; and the, by his Iter, or circuit of visitation, maintained a common standard of and  in all s, and examined the state of the &ldquo;common good,&rdquo; the accounts of which in 1535 were appointed to be laid before the ors in. The latterly  in the Curia Quatuor Burgorum, which not only made s in , but decided questions of private  (e.g., ), according to the varying customs of s. This  frequently met at ; in 1454 it was fixed at. The more modern Convention of s (which appeared as a judicial persona in the so late as 1839) probably dates from the Act of  (1487, c. 111), which appointed the s of Burghs, both north and south, to meet ly at  &ldquo;to treat of the welfare of merchandize, the good rule and s for the common profit of s, and to provide for remeid upon the skaith and injuries sustained within the s.&rdquo; Among the more important functions of this body (on whose decrees at one time summary diligence proceeded) were the prohibition of undue exactions within s, the revisal of the &ldquo;set&rdquo; or mode of , and the pro rata division among the s of the ary subsidy required from the. The Convention still meets, but the reform of the, and the complete representation of the interests in the  , have deprived it of importance. In its great days it negotiated a with, and one of its judgments was given effect to by  in the  of , 1292. and held in of some great ship,  or, but were always in theory or in practice created by. They received in  and  matters, generally cumulative with that of the  or the, who in some cases obtained the  of  s. Powers to hold  and to levy  were likewise given to these s. The s emerged slowly into  importance. In 1295 the s of six s ratified the agreement for the of ; and in 1326 they were recognized as a, granting a tenth  on all s for the 's life, if he should apply it for the public good. The s of s received from the their s or expenses of attending. The s were represented in the Judicial Committee, and in the Committee on Articles appointed during the reign of After the, in spite of the annexation of  lands to , and the increased burdens laid on temporal lands, the proportion of general  borne by the s (viz., 1undefined. 6undefined.) was expressly preserved by Act 1587, c. 112. The number of s, of course, fluctuated from time to time. assigned ten members to the s in the second  of Three Nations (1654). The general practice until 1619 had been, apparently, that each should send two members. In that year (by an arrangement with the Convention of s) certain groups of s returned one member, returning two. Under Art. 22 of the the number of members for s was fixed at fifteen, who were elected in  by the s and , and in the groups of s by delegates chosen ad hoc. See. (See Connel, History of the Constitution of Towns; Stubbs' Constitutional History of England, vol. i.) (Author:William Charles Smith)  BOROUGH-ENGLISH, a custom prevailing in certain ancient s, and in districts attached to them (where the lands are held in ), and also in certain s (chiefly in and ), by which in general lands descend to the youngest son, to the exclusion of all the other children, of the person dying seized and. Descent to the youngest brother to the exclusion of all other collaterals, where there is no issue, is sometimes included in the general definition, but this is really a special custom to be proved from the of the  and from local reputation,—a custom which is sometimes extended to the youngest sister, uncle, aunt. Generally, however, Borough-English, apart from specialties, may be said to differ from in not including collaterals. It is often found in connection with the distinct custom that the shall take as  the whole and not merely one-third of her husband's lands. (See Third Report of Real Property Commission, and of Muggleton v. Barnett, 2 Hurls. and Nor. Rep.)  BOROVICHI, a of, in the of, situated in 58° 23′ N. undefined. and 23° 54′ E. undefined., on both banks of the. On the site of the present there existed, from an early date, a settlement famous for the skill of its s; and for their encouragement in that occupation the inhabitants were freed from  by  In 1770 the  was raised to the rank of a, and in 1776 was made the head of a  in the. It contains seven or eight es and a, an , and a. ,, , , , and s are all d, but none of them to any great extent. The principal articles of are, , and. There are two s, and a ly. in 1867, 9108.  BOROVSK, a of, in the of , 54 s from that  on the old   to , is situated on both banks of the  at the confluence of the , in 55° 13′ N. undefined. and 36° 9′ E. undefined. The was in existence in the 13th century, and derived its name from the Borh, or , which still lies to the N.W. Its principal  are , -boiling, and the  of , -, and ; and it has a  of considerable importance in , , and. There are four s, two of which are held in the  and two about two s off, at the  of Paphnutius, which was founded in 1444. The mainly belonging to the, was in 1860, 8150.  BORROMEAN ISLANDS, a group of four small s on the western side of, in Northern , beautifully surrounded by  and. Naturally mere barren s, they were in 1671 converted by into pleasure s of great 