Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/736

664 attacks of the men of the north, represented by Ammianus Marcellinus as being the divided into two tribes (the Dicaledones and the Vecturiones), the, the Attacotti, and the. He was so far successful that the between the  and  became yet again a subjected, named  by , in honour of the ,—a conquest, however, which can have lasted but a brief period. Henceforth, if we except the effusions of the poet Claudian, the scanty notices of to be met with during several succeeding centuries present the same sad tale of sufferings inflicted on the now effeminate  of  by their warlike neighbours, till at length the settlement of large bodies of  in  changed the aspect of affairs. The of the word has been variously given. Celydd (in, a woody shelter) is the popular derivation; but Isaac Taylor (Words and Places, p.44) thinks the word may possibly contain the root gael, and if so, the Caledonians would be the of the  or s. Equally obscure are the  relations of the people, the most probable opinion being that which regards them as belonging to the  branch of the great. A casual inference, hazarded by (Agricola, chap. xi.), that the red  and large limbs of the inhabitants of Caledonia point clearly to a  origin, must not be pressed too far. There were probably even in his day  along our eastern and northern s, but it seems too much to assume that that  was the dominant one north of the. It is a still more doubtful question to what the  belonged. But the discussion of these and other points belongs to the of  (q.v.) (See Claudii Ptolemæi Geographia, ed. Wilberg,, 1838; Roy's Military Antiquities of the Romans in North Britain, , 1793; Burton's History of Scotland, vol. i., . 1867.)  CALENBERG, or, a former of, which was traversed by the and the , and had an area of about 1050 square s. It derived its name from an ancient , now in ruins. In the it belonged to, and after passing from one branch to another of the  of , it came, in 1705, to , al  of.         CALENDAR is a method of distributing into certain periods adapted to the purposes of civil life, as hours, days, weeks, months, years, &c. Of all the periods marked out by the motions of the, the most conspicuous, and the most intimately connected with the affairs of, are the solar day, which is distinguished by the diurnal of the and the alternation of light and darkness, and the solar year, which completes the circle of the. But in the early ages of the, when were chiefly engaged in , the  of the  must have been objects of great attention and interest,—hence the month, and the practice adopted by many s of reckoning  by the motions of the , as well as the still more general practice of combining lunar with solar periods. The solar day, the solar year, and the lunar month, or, may therefore be called the natural divisions of. All others, as the hour, the week, and the civil month, though of the most ancient and general use, are only arbitrary and conventional.

.—The true is the interval of  which elapses between two consecutive returns of the same   to the. By reason of the inclined position of the, and the unequal progressive motion of the in its, it is not always of the same absolute length. But as it would be hardly possible, in the artificial of, to have regard to this small inequality which is besides constantly varying, the mean solar day is employed for all civil purposes. This is the time in which the would make one  on its, as compared with the , if the  moved at an equable rate in the plane of the. The mean  is therefore a result of computation, and is not marked precisely by any  phenomenon; but its difference from the true  or apparent  is so small as to escape ordinary observation.

The subdivision of the day into twenty-four parts, or s, has prevailed since the remotest ages, though different s have not agreed either with respect to the epoch of its commencement or the manner of distributing the s. in general, like the, place the commencement of the civil day at, and reckon twelve s from  to , and twelve  s from  to. , after the example of Ptolemy, regard the day as commencing with the 's culmination, or, and find it most convenient for the purposes of computation to reckon through the whole twenty-four s. reckoned the twenty-four s from  to. Some s, as the ancient and the, have chosen  for the commencement of the day; others, again, as the  and , suppose it to commence at. In all these cases the beginning of the day varies with the at all places not under the. In the early ages of, and even down to the middle of the 5th century , no other divisions of the day were known than , , and , which was marked by the arrival of the between the  and a place called Græcostasis, where s from  and other  used to stand. The divided the natural day and  into twelve equal parts each, and the s thus formed were denominated temporary hours, from their varying in length according to the  of the year. The s of the day and were of course only equal at the time of the es. The whole period of day and they called νυχθήμερον.

.—The is a period of seven days, having no reference whatever to the, a circumstance to which it owes its unalterable uniformity. Although it did not enter into the calendar of the, and was not introduced at till after the reign of , it has been employed from time immemorial in almost all ; and as it forms neither an  part of the year nor of the lunar month, those who reject the   will be at a loss, as Delambre remarks, to assign to it an origin having much semblance of probability. It might have been suggested by the of the, or by the number of the s known in ancient times, an origin which is rendered more probable from the names universally given to the different days of which it is composed. In the, the order of the s, beginning with the most remote, is , , , the , , , the. Now, the day being divided into twenty-four hours, each hour was to a particular, namely, one to , the following to , the third to , and so on according to the above order; and the day received the name of the 