Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/735

Rh s, sixteen in number:—the Noouantai, dwelling under (i.e., east) of the peninsula of the same name, their s Loukopibia and Retigonion; east of them the Selgoouai (along the , and inland), their s Karbantorigon, Ouxellon (?), Korda, Trimontion; still further east, the Otadinoi, probably along the south-east , their s Kouria and Bremenion; and the Damnonioi, occupying apparently the basins of the , , and (in part), their s Kolania, Ouandouara (?), Koria, Alauna (?), Lindon, Ouiktoria (near ); the Kaledonioi, in the district from  to the , with the Caledonian  to the west of them; eastward the Ouakomagoi ( and parts of  and ), their s Banatia, Tameia, the Winged Camp, Touaisis; east of these the Taizaloi (part of ), their town Deouana , and the Ouenicones , their  Orrea (?); while occupying the west of  and , part of , and the whole of  and , were in succession the Epidioi (in ), Kerones, Kreones, Karnonakai, Karinoi, Kornauioi , Decantai, Longoi, and Smertai. Near the of Orkas were the s of Okitis and Doumna; north of which lay the Orkades, about thirty in number, and still farther north  (?). 's description is the only detailed one we have till we come down to the 16th century. It is matter for regret that the Antonine Itinerary, so useful an aid to the identification of the s in the of, does not extend to the north, and that the lists of the anonymous  of  are so corrupt as to be almost useless. About the middle of the last century a new element of confusion was introduced into what was tangled enough previously, by the of Bertram's well-known  De Situ Britanniæ, falsely ascribed to Richard of Cirencester, which being accepted as genuine by Roy, Chalmers, Stuart, and others, has been the means of giving currency to many unfounded notions regarding the nature and extent of the  conquests in. The written of Caledonia as well as of the rest of what is now commences with the  in  of, the  of the. (See, .) In the third year of his command this famous , who was fortunate enough to have his son-in-law as his , determined to attempt the annexation of the. Accordingly, in, he advanced as far as the of the Taus, or as Wex reads, the Tanaus. Whatever the true reading may be, the supposition that on this occasion reached the  is untenable; though, whether the  referred to be the , the , or the  , it is impossible to say. The found him as far north as the  formed by the s of Clota and Bodotria ( and ). On it he erected a line of, with the intention apparently of making it the northern boundary of the in those parts. In he crossed the, and overran additional territory &ldquo;in that part of  which looks towards .&rdquo; Information having now reached him that the remoter and still unconquered s were forming a combination against the , he resolved to anticipate them, and  carried the  beyond the  into the  of the Caledonians. That an engagement was fought, which, though it resulted in favour of the invaders, taught the  that they had no ordinary foe to cope with. On the approach of both sides retired to their quarters to make preparations for renewing the struggle. Next season, on resuming the offensive, found himself confronted by a grand union of all the s of Caledonia, under a leader whom  names Galgacus. The had previously despatched a  to ravage the, and on continuing his march northwards, encountered the enemy, upwards of 30,000 strong, near Mount Graupius; for there can be little doubt that this, the reading of Wex and Kritz, ought to be adopted instead of the Grampius of the common editions. The exact locality of the conflict that ensued has been the theme of much profitless controversy; but we shall probably not greatly err in placing it somewhere on the borders of. General Roy, whose conjecture is usually followed, fixed on in. A careful study, however, of the whole narrative leads one to look for the field of farther north, and nearer the. , writing on the model of and, has put into the mouth of each leader, on the eve of the engagement, a  of his own composition, in which he describes the feelings that may be supposed to have actuated the hostile armies. That ascribed to Galgacus is a splendid specimen of polished, mixed with impassioned appeals to the of his hearers. Might, however, prevailed over right, and the Caledonians were defeated with a loss of 10,000 men. , now thinking he had pushed his conquests far enough, made no attempt to pursue his beaten foe, but at once led his army back to the territory of the Boresti (al. Horesti), whose name is probably preserved in the modern. Here he gave orders to the commander of his to sail round, a feat which the latter accomplished. Soon after he himself was recalled to by. Notwithstanding 's success, the seem to have been quickly obliged to abandon part of their conquests, for in less than forty s 's, which ran from the  to the, became the northern limits of  in. About twenty s later a second appeared in the person of, the  of. Almost nothing is known of his actions, but he seems to have once more carried the of  to the  and, if not beyond them, and to have erected on the line of 's forts the more substantial work now known by the name of  (see ). The must soon have recovered the lost ground; but scarcely anything is known henceforth of the state of affairs in the north till, when, if we may trust the  Dion Cassius, as abridged by Xiphiline, the   determined to attempt the subjugation of. At that time the two most powerful s of were the Mæatæ, close to, and the Caledonians beyond them. Protected by their native fastnesses, the latter offered him such a resistance that, without being able to bring them to a decisive engagement, he lost through, fatigue, and the , no fewer, it is said, than 50,000 men. Having reached what is termed the northern extremity of the island, but which was in all likelihood merely the northern of,  retreated southwards in a very feeble state of , partly induced by the fatigues he had undergone. A formed the next year between the Caledonians and the Mæatæ, both of whom had already cast off his authority, led him to make preparations for a new campaign, with the avowed determination of extirpating the whole race. In the midst of these, however, he died at in. For a whole century afterwards the ancient writers are almost silent regarding Caledonia. In the  we hear for the first time of the ; and in , an able  , was sent into  by  to defend the  of the south against the 