Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/724

652 from Norway has greatly increased. The exports comprise corn, wine and spirits, eggs, silk, fruit, vegetables, glass, and sugar. The fisheries are much less important than those of Boulogne. The manufacture of tulle or bobbin-net was introduced from Nottingham by the English in 1818, and is one of the main sources of the prosperity of the town and suburbs. Calais communicates with Great Britain by submarine telegraph, laid down in 1851. Steamers carry ing the mails cross twice a day to Dover and back. It is the principal landing-place for English travellers on the Continent. The number of passengers who crossed both ways was 208,432 in 1875, being an increase of 66 per cent, in the last ten years. The terminus of the proposed tunnel beneath the channel is near Sangatte, a village six miles west of Calais. The project has received the sanction of the French and English Governments. Population (in 1872) 12,843 ; the adjoining manufacturing suburb of St Pierre les Calais had 20,409 inhabitants in 1872, more than 1800 of whom were English. Calais was a petty fishing-village, with a natural harbour at the mouth of a stream, till the end of the 10th century. It was first improved by Baldwin IV., count of Flanders, in 997, and afterwards, in 1224, was regularly fortified by Phillip of France, count of Boulogne, [t was besieged in 1346, after the battle of Crecy, by Edward III., and held out resolutely by the bravery of Jean de Vienne, its governor, till famine forced it to surrender. Its inhabitants were saved from the cruel fate with which Edward menaced them by the devotion of Eustache de St Pierre and six of the chief citizens, who were themselves spared at the prayer of Queen Philippa. The city remained in the hands of the English till 1558, when it was taken by the duke of Guise at the head of 30,000 men, from the ill-provided English garrison only 800 strong, after a siege of seven days. It was held by the Spaniards from 1595 to 1598, but was re stored to France by the treaty of Vervins.  CALAMIS. See, ..  CALAMY, (1600-1666), a Presbyterian divine, was born at London in February 1600, and educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where his opposition to the Arminian party, then powerful in that society, excluded him from a fellowship. Dr Felton, bishop of Ely, how ever, made him his chaplain, and gave him a living which he held till 1626. He then removed to Bury St Edmunds, where he acted as lecturer for ten years. In 1636 he was appointed. to the rectory of Rochford in Essex, which was so unhealthy that he had soon to leave it; and in 1639 he was chosen minister of St Mary Aldermanbury in London. Upon the opening of the Long Parliament he distinguished himself in defence of the Presbyterian cause, and had a principal share in writing the work commonly known under the appellation Smectymnuus, against Epis copacy. The initials of the names of the several contri butors formed the name under which it was published, viz., S. Marshal, E. Calamy, T. Young, M. Newcomen, and W. Spurstow. Calamy was afterwards an active member in the assembly of divines, and a strenuous opposer of sectaries. In Cromwell s time he lived privately, but was assiduous in promoting the king s return ; for this he was afterwards offered a bishopric, but declined it. He was, however, made one of Charles s chaplains. He was ejected for nonconformity in 1662, and was so affected by the sight of the devastation caused by the great fire of London, that he died shortly afterwards, October 29, 1666.  CALAMY, (1671-1732), grandson of, was born in London, April 5, 1671. He was educated at a private academy, and studied at the university of Utrecht. While there, he declined an offer of a pro- fessor b chair in the university of Edinburgh made to him by Principal Carstairs, who had gone over on purpose to find a person properly qualified for such an office. After his return to England in 1691 he began to study divinity ; and having joined the Nonconformists, he was in 1692 unani mously chosen assistant to Matthew Sylvester at Blackfriars. In 1694 he was ordained at Annesley s meeting-house in Little St Helen s, and soon afterwards was invited to become assistant to Daniel Williams in Hand-Alley. In 1702 he was chosen one of the lecturers in Salters Hall, and in 1703 he succeeded Vincent Alsop as pastor of a large congregation in Westminster. He drew up the table of contents to Baxter s History of his Life and Times, which was sent to the press in 1696 ; made some remarks on the work itself, and added to it an index ; and, reflect ing on the usefulness of the book, he saw the expediency of continuing it, as Baxter s history came no farther than the year 1684. Accordingly, he composed an abridgment of it, with an account of many other ministers who were ejected after the restoration of Charles II. ; their apology, containing the grounds of their nonconformity and practice as to stated and occasional communion with the Church of England ; and a continuation of their history until the year 1691. This work was published in 1702. He after wards published a moderate defence of nonconformity, in three tracts, in answer to some tracts of Dr Hoaclly. In 1709 Calamy made a tour to Scotland, and had the degree of doctor of divinity conferred on him by the universities of Edinburgh, Aberdeen, and Glasgow. In 1713 he published a second edition of his Abridgment of Baxter s History of his Life and Times, in which, among various additions, there is a continuation of the history through the reigns of William and Aune, down to the passing of the Occasional Bill. At the end is subjoined the re formed liturgy, which was drawn up and presented to the bishops in 1661. In 1718 he wrote a vindication of his grandfather and several other persons against certain reflections cast upon them by Archdeacon Echard in his History of England ; and in 1728 appeared his continua tion of the account of the ministers, lecturers, masters, and fellows of colleges, and schoolmasters, who were ejected, after, the Restoration in 1660, by or before the Act of Uniformity. He died June 3, 1732. Besides the pieces already mentioned, he published many occasional sermons.  CALAS, (1698-1762), a Protestant merchant at Toulouse, who was barbarously murdered under forms of law which were employed to shelter the sanguinary dictates of ignorant and fanatical zeal. He was born at La Caparedc, in Languedoc, in 1698, and had lived forty years at Toulouse. His wife was an Englishwoman of French extraction. They had three sons and three daughters. His son Louis had embraced the Roman Catholic faith through the persuasions of a female domestic who had lived thirty years in the family. In October 1761 the family consisted of Galas, his wife, Marc-Antoine their son, who had been educated for the bar, Pierre their second son, and this domestic. Antoine being of a melancholy turn of mind, was continually dwelling on passages from authors on the subject of suicide, and one night in that month he hanged himself in his father s warehouse. The crowd, which collected on so shocking a discovery, took up the idea that he had been strangled by the family to prevent him from changing his religion, and that this was a common practice among Protestants. The officers of justice adopted the popular tale, and were sup plied by the mob with what they accepted as conclusive evidence of the fact. The fraternity of White Penitents buried the body with great ceremony, and performed a solemn service for the deceased as a martyr ; the Francis cans followed their example ; and these formalities led to the popular belief in the guilt of the unhappy family. 