Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/720

648 acres in permanent pasture, and 6222 in temporary grass, while only 440 were covered with wood. The number of cattle of all kinds in the county was 22,616, sheep 108,829, horses 4969, and pigs 1789. But the great source of profit to the inhabitants is to be found in the fisheries of cod, ling, lobsters, and herring, which abound all around the coast. The most important is the herring-fishery, though it has considerably lessened in value during the last twenty or thirty years. Beginning about the end of July the season lasts for about six weeks, the centre of operations being at Wick and the surrounding districts. The number of fishermen employed in 1874 was 4304; and the value of boats, nets, lines, &c., for the same year, xvas estimated at 112,270. Bssides those more immediately engaged in manning the boats, the fisheries give employment to a large number of coopers, curers. packers, and others. The salmon-fisheries on the coast and at the mouths of rivers were formerly very productive, and are still let at high prices. At intervals along the coast are valuable quarries of freestone and slate, and of excellent flag for pavements ; but the county is far from rich in other minerals. Slight traces of lead and iron have been found in the mountainous districts ; and indications of coal, or rather of bituminous shale, have been noticed at Cannisby. The only article of manufacture is woollen cloth. The Highland Railway, opened in 1873, enters the county from Sutherlandshire, and curves through the centre to Wick, passing Altnabreac, Scotscalder, Halkirk, Georgemas, Bower, Watten, and Bilbster ; while a branch line runs from the Georgemas junction to Thurso. The early history of Caithness may, to some extent, be traced in the various character of the remains and the diversity of its local nomenclature. Picts houses, Nor wegian names, and Danish mounds attest that the Celts were successively displaced by these different tribes ; and the number and strength of its fortified keeps leave us to infer that its annals present the usual record of feuds, assaults, and reprisals. Circles of erect stones, as at Steinster Loch and Bower, and the ruins of Romanist chapels and places of pilgrimage in almost every district, illustrate the changes which have come over its ecclesiastical condition. The most important remains are those of Bucholie Castle, Girnigo Castle, and the tower of Keiss ; and on the S.E. coast the castles of Clyth, Swiney, Forss, Latheron, Knockinnan, Berridale, Achastle, and Dunbeath, of which the last is romantically situated on one of the detached pillars of sandstone rock that are frequent along the Caithness coast. About six miles from Thurso stand the ruins of Braal Castle, the residence of the ancient bishops of Caithness, and on the shores of the Pentland is situated the mythical site of John o Groats House. The total number of landowners in 1872-3 was 1030, among the most important being the duke of Portland, with 81,605 acres ; Sir John Sinclair of Tollemache, with 78,053 ; Mrs Thomson Sinclair of Fenswick, with 57,757 ; Sir Robert Anstruther of Balcaskie in Fife, with 36,597 ; and the earl of Caithness, with 14,460. Caithness is divided into ten civil and twelve quoad sacra, parishes, and contains twelve churches and two chapels of ease belonging to the Establishment (in four of which there is service in Gaelic) ; seventeen belonging to the Free Church (in seven of which there is service in Gaelic) ; one United Presbyterian, and one Roman Catholic at Wick. The county returns one member to the imperial parliament. The parliamentary constituency in 1875-76 was 1172. The principal towns are Wick and Thurso; the most important villages are Broadhaven, Castletown, Louis- burgh, Sarclett, and Staxigoe. The population in 1831 was 34,529 ; in 1841, 36,343 ; in 1851, 38,709; and in 1871, 39,992. In the last year the males numbered 18,937, and the females 21,055; and there were in the county at the same date 7474 inhabited houses, 203 vacant, and 431 building.  CAIUS,, or, Dr (1510-1573), the founder of Caius College in Cambridge, was born at Nor wich in 1510. He was admitted while very young a student at Gonville Hall, Cambridge. From his exercises performed there it seems probable that he intended to prosecute the study of divinity. He visited Italy, where he studied under the celebrated Montanus at Padua ; and in 1541 he took his degree in physic at Bologna. In 1543 he visited several parts of Italy, Germany, and France ; and returning to England, he began to practise first at Cam bridge, then at Shrewsbury, and afterwards at Norwich. He removed to London in 1547, and was admitted fellow of the College of Physicians, of which he was for many years president. In 1557, being then physician to Queen Mary, he obtained a licence to advance Gonville Hall into a college, and he endowed it with several considerable estates, adding an entire new square at the expense of 1834. Of this college he accepted the mastership, which he held till within a short period of his death. He was physician to Edward VI., Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth. Towards the end of his life he retired to his own college at Cambridge, where having resigned the mastership to Dr Leggie of Norwich, he spent the remainder of his life as a fellow commoner. He died in July 1573, and was buried in the college chapel. Dr Caius was a learned, active, and benevolent man. In 1557 he erected a monument in St Paul s to the memory of Linacre. In 1563 he obtained a grant for the College of Physicians to take the bodies of two malefactors annually for dissection ; and he was the inventor of the insignia which distinguish the president from the rest of the fellows.

1em  CAJAZZO, or, a town of Italy, in the province of Terra di Lavoro, and district of Piedimonte, situated on a height on the north bank of the Volturno, about 11 miles from Capua. It possesses a fine cathedral, and is defended by a castle of Lombard origin ; but is principally interesting for the ruins of the Roman Calatia, which are still found in the town and neighbourhood. These consist chiefly of remains of the outer walls, and a cistern, which still affords a good supply of water. Various inscriptions are also extant, and the inhabitants point out a tomb which they maintain to be that of A. Atilius Calatinus. Calatia was originally a Samnite town, and is frequently mentioned in the earlier wars of the Romans. At a later date it became a municipal city of some importance, but makes no appearance in history. The population of the present town is 5892.  CAJEPUT OIL, a volatile oil obtained by distillation from the leaves of Melaleuca leucadodendron, and probably other species. The trees yielding the oil are found throughout the Indian Archipelago, the Malay peninsula, and over the hotter parts of the Australian continent ; but the greater portion of the oil is procured from Celebes Island. The name Cajeput is derived from the native i or white wood. The oil is prepared from leaves 