Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/65

Rh most of the leading literary men of the time, more particularly with Pope, with whom he kept up a long- correspondence, and for whose grotto at Twickenham he furnished the greater proportion of the fossils and minerals. His letters to Pope, St Aubyn, and others, with answers, fill several volumes of MS. There are also MS. notes on Cornwall, and a complete unpublished treatise Concerning the Creation and Dduye, Some account of these MSS., with extracts from them, will be found in the Quarterly Review, October, 1875. Borlase s memoirs of his own life were published in Nichol s Literary Anecdotes, vol. v.  BORN,, an eminent mineral ogist and metallurgist, was born of a noble family, at Karlsburg in Transylvania, in 1742 He was educated in a Jesuit college at Vienna, and entered that order, which, however, after sixteen months, he quitted. After studying law at Prague he travelled into Germany, Holland, and France. On his return to Prague he engaged in the study of mineralogy. Austria produces various metals in considerable abundance, and the administration of the revenue arising to Government from this source is con ducted by local boards, under the control of the chamber of mines at Vienna. This administration offers a field of some preferment ; and Von Born was received into the department of the mines and mint at Prague in 1770. About this time he met with an accident which nearly proved fatal, in the course of a journey through Transyl vania Having entered a mine at Felso-Banya, whilst the air was charged with arsenical vapour, he was stupified for fifteen hours, and long afterwards suffered from a cough and general pain. Some time after this accident he was affected with violent colics, and in the latter part of his life was deprived of the use of both legs. These calamities, however, did not repress the activity of his mind. He had to give up his assessorship of the mining council, but con tinued to produce works on mineralogy which won him a European reputation. He met with much opposition in attempting to introduce amalgamation in Hungary, in place of smelting and cupellation, for extracting silver from the ores. His opponents endeavoured to prove his process inferior to that already in use ; and, after it had been tried successfully, pronounced it to be merely the old Spanish process of amalgamation. The emperor, however, ordered that his method should be employed in mines belonging to Government, and that he should receive a third part of the savings arising from the improvement during the first ten years, and 4 per cent, of this third part for the next twenty years. In 1706 he was appointed by Maria Theresa to arrange the imperial museum at Vienna, where he was made councillor of state, and continued to reside until his death. Von Born attempted satire with no great success. The Staats Pcrucke, a tale published without his know ledge in 1772, and an attack on Father Hell, the Jesuit, and king s astronomer at Vienna, are two of his satirical works. Part of a satire, entitled Monachologia, in which the monks are described in the technical language of natural history, is also ascribed to him. Von Born was well acquainted with Latin and the principal modern languages of Europe, and with many branches of science not imme diately connected with metallurgy and mineralogy. He took an active part in the political changes in Hungary. After the death of Joseph, the diet of the states of Hungary rescinded many innovations of that scheming ruler, and conferred the rights of denizen on several persons who had been favourable to the cause of the Hungarians, and, amongst others, on Von Born At the time of his death in 1791, he was employed in writing a work entitled Fasti Lcopoldini, probably relating to the prudent conduct of Leopold II., the successor of Joseph, towards the Hungarians.  BÖRNE,, German political writer and satirist, of Jewish family, was born 18th May 1786, at Frankfurt- on-the-Main, where his father, Jakob Baruch, carried on the business of a banker. He studied first at Berlin, where he became acquainted with Schleiermacher and the famous Henrietta Herz, and afterwards at Halle, intending to enter the medical profession. His inclinations for pure literature proved too powerful to allow him to carry out this design, and in 1806 he removed to Heidelberg in order to study financial and political economy. Two years later he took his degree at Giessen, and in 1811 he received an appoint ment in the bureau of police in his native town. The reconstitution of Frankfurt as a free city after the fall of Napoleon s power in -Germany soon deprived him of a situation which was but little suited to his tastes or abilities. He then devoted himself to literature, and for a time edited a newspaper entitled Staats-Ristretto, which was quickly suppressed by the Government on account of its liberal tone and the boldness of its criticisms. The same fate attended his next venture, Die Zeitschivingen, which ap peared for only four months. In 1817 he renounced his Jewish faith and took the name of Borne, by which he is always known. From 1818 to 1821 he edited Die Waye, a paper particularly distinguished by its lively political articles, and by its powerful but sarcastic theatrical criti cisms. For some years after the suppression of his paper, Borne resided principally in Paris, Hamburg, and Frank furt. After the July revolution (1830) he hurried to Paris, expecting to find the newly constituted state of society somewhat in accordance with his own philosophic views ; but in this hope he was completely disappointed, and the bitterness of his anger lent additional force to the satirical letters he began to publish in his last literary venture, La Balance. While advocating his favourite scheme of a closer union between France and Germany, he assailed with unsparing sarcasm and polished wit the German dynasties, whom he looked upon as the great opponents of liberalism. He died at Paris in 1837. Borne s works are remarkable for brilliancy of style and for a thoroughly French vein of satire. His most elevated piece of criticism is the Denkrcde auf Jean Paul, in which he shows him self fully able to appreciate the great German humourist. The Menzel der Tranzosenfresser may be taken as a speci men of his unrivalled powers of sarcasm, There have been several complete editions of his writings, the latest being that of 1862, 12 vols., Leipsic; his life has been written by Gutzkow, 1840.  BORNEO, one of the largest islands of the world, is situated about the middle of the East Indian Archipelago, and lies immediately under the equator, between 7 N. and 4 2D S. lat., and between 109 aud 1 1 8 E, long. It forms a kind of irregular hexagon, and its area is estimated by Engel- hardt at 289,000 Ehg. square miles (more than double the area of the United Kingdom). Its coast-line is much less broken than that of most of the neighbouring islands; and though there are some extensive bays, such as Maludu in the north and Sarawak in the west, none of them are so deep as greatly to interfere with the regularity of its contour. A large proportion of the seaboard is of alluvial formation ; and in various districts the deposition of new land is very per ceptibly going on. The whole of the ground, for example, to the west of the Kandang Mountains in the kingdom of Landak has been gained from the sea during the last four centuries, and it is evident that many smaller islands which fringed the coast in former times have been incor porated with the mainland. This process of extension goes on all the more rapidly, because the neighbouring sea is very shallow, except on the eastern side.

Of the interior of the island a considerable part has been only partially explored, so that the physical features can 