Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/643

Rh clmrclies, Established and Free ; at Ascog one, a Free church ; and in North Bute an Established and a Free church. The school accommodation is likewise ample, both in town and country. Touching the origin of the name of Bute, there is con siderable doubt. It has been written Both, Bote, Boot, and Botis, and may thus be derived from &quot; Both,&quot; which is the Irish for&quot; a cell,&quot; St Brendan, an Irish abbot, having, it is said, caused a cell to be erected in the island in the 6th century ; or it may have been derived from the old British words &quot; Ey Budh,&quot; or the Gaelic words &quot; Ey Bhiod,&quot; signifying the &quot;island of corn,&quot; or &quot; island of food,&quot; from its fertility as compared with the neighbouring islands and Highland districts. Although now all but obsolete, Gaelic was formerly the current language spoken. The Butemen in fighting times were called Brandanes, a distinction which they prized ; and the numerous small landed proprietors, in virtue of a charter granted them in 1506 by James IV., took the title of baron, which became hereditary in their families. The title is now all but extinct, the lands which conferred it having passed by purchase from time to time, with one or two trifling exceptions, into possession of the Bute family. The descendants of the Brandanes were among the earliest to take part in the volunteer move ment, by furnishing a couple of batteries to Lord Lome s battalion of Argyll and Bute Artillery Volunteers, as well as a company to the Renfrewshire Rifles. Great improvements have been recently made and are now (187G) in progress in Bute. The renovation, all but completed, of the grand old castle, and the formation of the esplanades of Rothcsay, together with the erection of an aquarium, and of an iron pier, where the accom modation was wanted, at the entrance to the bay, will tend, with other appreciated advantages, to give the island and shores of Bute a higher place than ever among the attractions of the Clyde.  BUTE, (1713-1792), for a brief time prime minister of England, was born in 1713, and was educated at Eton. Horace Walpole, who was one of his contemporaries there, tells us that Bute &quot;studied simples in the hedges about Twickenham.&quot; For many years he resided in the remote island of Bute, where he appears to have diligently studied mathematics, mechanics, and natural science. He married the daughter of Mr and the celebrated Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, an alliance which subsequently brought the large Wortley estates into his family. A mere accident introducsd him at court ; a shower of rain interrupted a cricket match at Cliefden, and led to his services being required by the Prince of Wales. He received a bedchamber appointment in the household of the prince. Prince Frederick died, however, next year, and Lord Bute lived in retirement. On the formation of a separate household for the princess and the young princes, he received the appointment of groom of the stole, somewhat to the dissatisfaction of the old king, George II., who gave him the gold key of office in an ungracious way. In the household of the Prince of Wales Lord Bute acquired great influence over the mind of the youthful heir of the throne and his mother. The scandal of the last century associated his name most intimately with that of the princess, but for this cruel and persistent rumour there appears to be no foundation either in con temporary literature or in the large inedited Bute MSS. Lord Bute does not appear to have had much to do with the education of the future king and his brothers, which was chiefly left in episcopal hands. He took, how ever, SOIYIC part in the direction uf his studies, and is known to have read Blackstone s Commentaries, when still in MS., with him. He seems also to have inculcated him with the writings of Bolingbroke, whose theory was that a king should not only reign but govern, and who had sketched out the ideal of a patriot king. The constant language of the Princess Dowager, re-echoed by the groom of the stole, was &quot;George, be king!&quot; In 1760 George II. died, and the young king proceeded to put in practice the teachings he had received. This marked an important era in constitu tional history. Then began the era of the &quot; king s friends ; &quot; the royal will was to be supreme ; the ministers were simply to act ministerially, giving expression to and carry ing out the sovereign s pleasure. It is manifest that this doctrine weakened the responsibility of ministers and the authority of parliament, and invited dangers in the direc tion boih of absolutism and of anarchy. Bute, however, was prepared to carry out a scheme very like Stratford s &quot; Thorough &quot; with zeal and energy. The day after the accession Bute was made a privy councillor. A little later he was made secretary of state. Afterwards he was made Knight of the Garter. The king told the ministers, &quot; Lord Bute is my very good f riend ; &quot; and the royal will was expressed through him. The extraordinary spectacle was witnessed, on the meeting of parliament, of a man with no political connection, who had never been in the cabinet, and who had never served in any ministerial office, being practically prime minister. What he was in reality he soon became in name. In the Shelburne Correspondence we find him asserting that there was nothing which lie could not do. The ministers at the time of the accession, who both in the Eastern and the Western World were main taining the war with France with the greatest glory and success, were William Pitt, the duke of Newcastle, and Mr Legge. The last, Mr Legge, was ignominiously dismissed. Pitt could not carry the support of the cabinet in his pro posal to declare war against Spain, and therefore resigned, a resignation which probably prevented a dismissal. Such insults were heaped upon the duke of Newcastle that, although he long clung to office, he was at last compelled to resign. As premier, Bute showed considerable ability. Lord Mansfield said he never knew any man come to business so late who did it so well, and he proved an extremely good speaker. He also gave considerable patronage to literature and art. He had several distinct points of policj 7. He wished to close the era of war and make peace with France. He wished to sever the political connection between England and Hanover. He wished to humble the dominant Whig families, and to make the king supreme. In all these objects he was to a considerable extent successful. The popular feeling against the peace was intense. Still the minister had secured a large majority in the House of Commons ; but although he had spoken much of purity of election, it is not to be denied that there had been extensive bribery in the elections. Confident of the royal support and a parliamentary majority, he seemed secure of a long lease of power. After being premier for eleven months, to the astonishment of all, he suddenly resigned. He was unable to face the black tide of personal unpopularity which set in so heavily against him. Wilkes s publication of the North Briton had both expressed and intensified his unpopularity. He was in danger of being impeached ; he was in danger of being torn in pieces by the mob. He went about dis guised. He attempted to conciliate popularity by recalling Pitt to office ; but Pitt would only return with his Whig friends, to which the king would not consent. Then Lord Bute s courage gave way. His own explanation was, &quot; The ground I stand upon is so hollow that I am afraid, not only of falling myself, but of involving my royal master in my own ruin.&quot; But although he resigned office, his influence with the king was hardly impaired. It was the king s custom, at least for some time, to write a minute daily journal of 