Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/592

530 with an angry father, and at length prevailed on the old man not to disinherit the young one. This good work cost the benevolent intercessor his life. He had to ride through heavy rain. He came drenched to his lodgings on Snow Hill, was seized with a violent fever, and died in a few days (August 31). He was buried in Bunhill Fields ; and the spot where he lies is still regarded by the Nonconformists with a feeling which seems scarcely in harmony with the stern spirit of their theology. Many Puritans, to whom the respect paid by Roman Catholics to the reliques and tombs of saints seemed childish or sinful, are said to have begged with their dying breath that their coffins might be placed as near as possible to the coffin of the author of the Pilgrim s Progress. The fame of Bunyan during his life, and during the century which followed his death, was indeed great, but was almost entirely confined to religious families of the middle and lower classes. Very seldom was he during that time mentioned with respect by any writer of great literary eminence. Young coupled his prose with the poetry of the wretched D Urfey. In the Spiritual Quixote, the adventures of Christian are ranked with those of Jack the Giant-Killer and John Hickathrift. Cowper ventured to praise the great allegorist, but did not venture to name him. It is a significant circumstance that, till a recent period, all the numerous editions of the Pilgrim s Progress were evidently meant for the cottage and the servant s hall. The paper, the printing, the plates, were all of the meanest description. In general, when the educated minority and the common people differ about the merit of a book, the opinion of the educated minority finally prevails. The Pilgrim s Progress is perhaps the only book about which, after the lapse of a hundred years, the educated minority has come over to the opinion of the common people. The attempts which have been made to improve and to imitate this book are not to be numbered. It has been done into verse ; it has been done into modern English. The Pilgrimage of Tender Conscience, the Pilgrimage of Good Intent, the Pilgrimage of Seek Truth, the Pilgrimage of Theophilus, the Infant Pilgrim, the Hindoo Pilgrim, are among the many feeble copies of the great original. But the peculiar glory of Bunyan is that those who most hated his doctrines have tried to borrow the help of his genius. A Catholic version of his parable may be seen with the head of the virgin in the title-page. On the other hand, those Antinomians for whom his Calvinism is not strong enough, may study the Pilgrimage of Hephzibah, in which nothing will be found which can be construed into an admission of free agency and universal redemption. But the most extraordinary of all the acts of Vandalism by which a fine work of art was ever defaced was committed so late as the year 1853. It was determined to transform the Pilgrim s Progress into a Tractarian book. The task was not easy; for it was necessary to make two sacraments the most prominent objects in the allegory, and of all Christian theologians, avowed Quakers cxcepted, Bunyan was the one in whose system the sacraments held the least prominent place. However, the Wicket Gate became a type of Baptism, and the House Beautiful of the Eucharist. The effect of this change is such as assuredly the ingenious person who made it never contemplated. For, as not a single pilgrim passes through the Wicket Gate in infancy, and as Faithful hurries past the House Beautiful without stopping, the lesson which the fable in its altered shape teaches, is that none but adults ought to be baptized, and that the Eucharist may safely be neglected. Nobody would have discovered from the original Pilgrim s Progress that the author was not a Predobaptist To turn his book into a book against Paedobaptism, was an achievement reserved for an Anglo-Catholic divine. Such blunders must neces sarily be committed by every man who mutilates parts of a great work, without taking a comprehensive view of the whole. (.)

1em  BUNZLAU (1.), the chief town of a circle in the government of Liegnitz in Prussian Silesia, on the right bank of the Bober, about 27 miles from the city of Liegnitz by the Berlin and Breslau Railway, which crosses the river by a noble viaduct. The older part of the town is still surrounded with fortifications. Its public institutions comprise a gymnasium, a normal college, an orphan asylum, and the provincial lunatic asylum. The house is shown where Opitz was born in 1597, and in the market-place is a cast-iron obelisk to field-marshal Kutusoff. The Bunzlau pottery is famous ; woollen and linen cloth are manu factured, and there is a considerable trade in grain and cattle. Bunzlau (Boleslavia) received its name in the 12th century from Duke Boleslas, who separated it from the duchy of Glogau. Its importance was increased by numerous privileges and the possession of extensive mining works. It was frequently captured and recaptured in the wars of the 17th century, and in 1739 was completely destroyed by fire. In 1813 it was the scene of a battle be tween the French and the Allies. Population in 1871, 8812.  BUNZLAU (2.), the chief town of a circle in Bohemia, on the left bank of the Iser, in 50 25 N. lat. and 14 54 E. long. It has a town-house and castle, supposed to have been built in the 10th century which is now used as barracks, a military hospital, a Piaristic college, and a gymnasium. Its manufactures include cotton, woollen, and linen cloth, leather, and soap. Bunzlau is frequently called Jung Bunzlau to distinguish it from Alt Bunzlau, a village on the Elbe. Population (1869), 8695.  BUONAFEDE, (1716-1793), an Italian writer on philosophy and social economy, was born at Comachio, in Ferrara, in 1716. He became professor of theology at Naples in 1740, and entering the religious body of the Celestines in 1734, rose gradually to be general of the order. He died at Rome in 1793. His principal works, generally published under the assumed title of Agatopisto Cromaziano, are on the history of philosophy, Delia Istoria e delle Indole di ogni Filosofia, 7 vols., 1772, seq. ; and Delia Kestaurazione di ogni Filosofia ne Secoli xvi., xvii., xviii., 3 vols., 1789 (which has been translated into German by Heydenreich). The second of these is of great import ance for the estimation of the Italian philosophers of the ] 6th century. His other works are Istoria critica e filosofica del suicidio, 1761; Delle conquiste celebri esaminate col naturale diritto delle genti, 1763; Storia critica del moderno diritto di natura e delle genti, 1789; and a few poems and dramas.  BUONARROTI. See.  BUOY, a floating body used as a means of denoting any desired spot in a river, channel, or other place fre quented by shipping. Buoys are made of various shapes and material, such as a small log of wood 6 or 8 inches diameter and about twice that length, an ordinary cask, or a special structure either of iron or wood, varying in strength, shape, and size according to the duty it is required to perform. Before an anchor is let go, a buoy is generally attached to it, the length of the buoy-rope being slightly greater than the depth of water at high tide. This is done that if for any reason it should become necessary to slip the cable, both anchor and cable may be afterwards recovered 