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1em  BULGARIN, (1789–1859), a distinguished Russian writer, was born in Lithuania. His father was an officer under Kosciusko in the last disastrous Polish campaign. By some influence of friends Thaddaus was entered at the college for military cadets at St Petersburg, and afterwards received a commission in the Russian army, with which he served against Napoleon and in Finland. He then left the Russian army, joined the Poles under Napoleon, and took part in nearly all the great campaigns in Spain, Germany, and Russia. After the fall of the emperor he took up his residence in Warsaw, and devoted himself to literature, writing in his native Polish language. In 1819 he removed to St Petersburg, learned Russian, and became Russian in every way. He edited, alone or in conjunction with Gretch, the Northern Archives, the Northern Bee, and the Russian Thalia. In 1829 his first novel, Ivan Vuizhagen, gained great popularity. A continuation was afterwards published under the title Peter Ivanovitch Vuizhagen. His other works comprise two novels, Demetrius and Mazeppa, an '' Account of Russia'' (Russia in an historical, statistical, geographical, and literary point of view), and his Reminiscences. An English translation of his best novel, Ivan Vuizhagen, was published in 1831.  BULGARUS, the most celebrated of the famous &quot;Four Doctors &quot; of the law school of Bologna. He is some times erroneously called Bulgarinus, which was properly the name of a jurist of the 15th century. Bulgarus was a native of Bologna, and was regarded as the Chrysostom of the Gloss-writers, being frequently designated by the title of the &quot; Golden Mouth &quot; (os aureum). The time of his birth is not known. A popular tradition represents him to have been a pupil of Irnerius, but unfortunately nothing is known of Irnerius after 1118 Bulgarus, on the other hand, died in 1166, having attained a great age, and having become childish before his death. There is thus no inseparable difficulty in point of time in accepting this tradition as far as regards Bulgarus, although Savigny considers the general tradition to be inadmissible which represents all the Four Doctors to have been pupils of Irnerius. Martinus Gosia was the next most celebrated of the Four Doctors. He and Bulgarus were the chiefs of two opposite schools at Bologna, corresponding in many respects to the Proculians and Sabinians of Imperial Rome, Martinus being at the head of a school which accommodated the law to what his opponents styled the equity of &quot; the purse &quot; (cequitas bursalis), whilst Bulgarus adhered more closely to the letter of the law. The school of Bulgarus ultimately prevailed, and it numbered amongst its adhe rents Joannes Bassianus, Azo, and Accursius, each of whom in his turn exercised a commanding influence over the course of legal studies at Bologna. Bulgarus took the leading part amongst the Four Doctors at the diet of Roncaglia in 1158, and was one of the most trusted advisers of the Emperor Frederick I. His most celebrated work is his commentary DC Regulis Juris, which was at one time printed amongst the writings of Placentinus, but has been properly reassigned to its true author by Cujacius. upon ths internal evidence contained in the additions annexed to it, which are undoubtedly from the pen of Placentinus. Savigny considers this Commentary, which is the earliest extant work of its kind emanating from the school of the Gloss-writers, to be a model specimen of the excellence of the method introduced by Irnerius, and a striking example of the brilliant results which had been obtained in a short space of time by a constant and exclusive study of the sources of law.  BULL,. See.  BULL, (1634–1710), bishop of St David s, was born at Wells, and educated at Tiverton school, Devonshire. He entered Exeter College, Oxford, but had to leave in consequence of his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth. He was ordained privately by Bishop Skinner in 1655. The first benefice he enjoyed was that of St George s near Bristol, from which he rose successively to be rector of Suddington in Gloucestershire, prebendary of Gloucester, archdeacon of Llandaff, and in 1705 bishop of St David s. He died February 17, 1710. During the time of the Commonwealth he adhered steadily, though with great prudence, to the forms of the Church of England, and in the reign of James II. preached very strenuously against the errors of Romanism. His works are among the most solid contributions made to theological learning by the Church of England. They uniformly display great erudition and powerful thinking. The Harrnonia Apostolica, published in 1670, is an attempt to show the fundamental agreement between the doctrines of Paul and James with regard to justification. The Defensio Fidei Nicence, his greatest work, published in 1685, tries to show that the doctrine of the Trinity was an article of faith in the Christian church before the Council of Nicaea. It still retains value as a, thoroughgoing examination of all the pertinent passages in early church literature. The Judicium Ecclesicv Gatliolic.ee obtained for him the thanks of the French clergy. His last treatise, Primitive and Apostolical Tradition, was published shortly before his death. The best edition of his works is that in 7 vols., published at Oxford by the Clarendon Press, under the superintendence of the Rev. E. Burton. This edition contains the Life by Nelson. The Harmonia, Defensio, and Judicium are translated in the Library of Anglo- Catholic Theology.  BULL,, a distinguished English composer and organist, was born in Somersetshire about 1563. In 1591 he was appointed organist in the Queen s chapel in suc cession to Blitheman, from whom he had received his musi cal education ; in 1592 he received his degree of doctor of music at Cambridge University ; and in 1596 he was made music professor at Gresham College, London. As he was unable to lecture in Latin according to the foundation-rules of that college, the executors of Sir Thomas Gresham made a dispensation in his favour by permitting him to lecture in English. He gave his first lecture on 6th October 1597. He afterwards visited France and Germany, and was every where received with the respect due to his talents. The story told by Anthony Wood of Dr Bull s feat at St Omer, which consisted in adding, within a few hours, forty parts to a composition already written in forty parts, is simply impossible. Honourable employments were offered to him by various Continental princes ; but he declined them, and returned to England, where he was appointed organist to James I. in 1607, and in the same year resigned his Gresham professorship. In 1613 he again went to the Continent on account of his health ; and, in the Nether lands, entered into the service of the archduke. In 1617 lie was appointed organist to the cathedral of N&tre Damo 