Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/553

Rh JOINERY.] BUILDING 491 Flush panels in inferior works have a single bead struck on their sides in the direction of the grain alone, the ends abutting plainly, and this is termed bead-butt, the fact that the panels are flush being inferred. The plainest quality of framing, in which it is square on both sides, is used in the fittings of inferior bed-rooms, inner closets, and the plainer domestic offices, but always internally; framing moulded on one or both sides, in rooms and places of a greater degree of importance, and in places where the work may be more generally seen ; in some cases a Hat panel may be enriched by a small moulding laid on its surface, leaving a margin between it and the larger moulding at its extremities. This may be done in drawing- rooms and apartments of that class, especially if they be in an upper story ; and raised panels should be confined to the framed fittings of dining-rooms and other apartments oil a ground or principal story. Framing with flush panels is almost restricted to external doors, &c., one side of a door being bead-flush, and the other flat and moulded, perhaps, or the face may be moulded with a raised panel, and the back bead-flush ; and this for principal entrances. Buacl-butt framing is found in external doors to offices, &c. Partitions between rooms are often made of framing as above described. Lately some sliding partitions have been put forward, one of which consists of two or three large sliding framings, and felt is relied upon to render them sound proof. This is by Stone ; while that by Williams consists of a series of framings pivoted at top and bottom, and with the pivots running on grooves at top and bottom, so that the shutters may be formed into a pilaster-like mass at the side of the room. It is of the utmost importance in framing that the tenons and mortises should be truly made. After a mortise has been made with the mortise chisel, it should be rendered perfectly even with a float, an instrument which differs from a single cut or float file only by having larger teeth. An inexperienced workman often makes his work fit too tight in one place, and too easy in another, hence the mor tise is split by driving the parts together, and the work is never firm ; whereas if the tenon fill the mortise equally, without using any considerable force in driving the work together, it is found to be firm and sound. The thickness of tenons should be about one-fourth of that of the framing, and the width of a tenon should never exceed about five times its thickness, otherwise, in wedging, the tenon will become bent, and bulge out the sides of the mortise. If the rail be wide, two mortises should be mado, with a space of solid wood between ; fig. 80 shows the tenons for a wide rail. If the tenon occurs at the end of a piece of framing, it must be set back a little, so as to allow sufficient solid wood to forma sound mortise ; this i&amp;gt; called a haunching (see e, fig. 81). JH thick framing, the strength and firmness of the joint is much in- creased by putting a cross or feather FIQ. 80. Tenons lor wide tongue in on each side of the tenon ; Bailing, these tongues are about an inch in depth, and are easily put in with a plough proper for such purposes. The projected figure of the end of a rail, as in fig. 80, shows those tongues put in ; in the style there are grooves ploughed to receive them. Sometimes these projections are left in the solid wood itself, in which case they are called stump tenons. Sometimes, in thick framing, a double tenon in the thick ness is made; but we give the preference to a single one, when tongues are put in the shoulders, as we have described ; because a strong tenon is better than two weak ones, and there is less difficulty in fitting one than two. The panels of framing should be made to fill the grooves, so as not Fid. 81. Fitting Mould- ings to Framing. to rattle, and yet to allow the panels to shrink without splitting. When the mouldings are stuck on the framing, as is often the case in large stuff, it becomes necessary to find the lines to bring the angles together. In square framing, this is done simply by cutting ab,cd, as in fig. 81, at a mitre; but if the framing be oblique angle, it is done by scribing ; the angle at a b being determined by the eye, cd is cut parallel to it. Where large pro jecting or bolection mouldings are used, the French have a very excellent way of framing (fig. 82), which it would be well to imitate in this country. Here C is the panel round which the moulding B is framed and mitred, the whole is then framed into A, which is a section both of the styles and rails. When a frame consists of curved pieces they are often joined by means of pieces of hard wood called keys. Fig 83 is the head of a Gothic window frame joined Fro - 82. Bolection Mouldings, with a key, with a plan of the joint below it. A cross tongue is put in on each side of the key, and the joint is tightened by means of the wedges, a, a. It is, however, a better method to join such pieces by means of a screw bolt instead of a key, the cross tongues being used whichever method is adopted. Where the ends of the bolts cannot be allowed to project, they should bo fixed as bed bolts. Doors are made two and four ^. t^^maam^ Doors, panelled for the most part when the FlG - 83. Gothic Keyed panels are flat and the framing square, six-panelled when the latter is moulded, and six, eight (as figs. 2 and 3, Plate XXVI., to which the details in the following description will apply), or even ten-panelled when the framing is of the superior descriptions. Doors which are hung in two equal widths to occupy the doorway, and are hung to the opposite side posts or jambs of the frame, are said to be folding-doors or double-margined, that is, the styles or margins are repeated necessarily in the middle where they meet. The style, muntin, and rails to doors are the same as in framing or wainscoting ; and the panels may be moulded in the same manner. Doorways are fitted with jamb linings, and architraves or pilasters. Jamb linings, as A in fig. 86, when they exceed 9 or 10 indies in width, should always be so framed to correspond with the door on the outer faces ; or they may be made solid. Narrow and plain jamb linings to inferior rooms are rebated on one side of the lining only, and the rebate forms the frame into which the door is fitted. To superior work they are rebated on both sides, as if it were intended to put a door on each side. The jambs are fixed to the inner edges of the grounds, which are &quot;fixed to the wall to receive the architrave or other decorations to the opening, and to stop the plastering; if they are wide, and not framed, backings are put across to stiffen them ; and these backings are dovetailed into the edges of the grounds. It requires a considerable degree of care to hang a door, Hanging a shutter, or any other piece of work in the best manner. d ors - In the hinge, the pin should be perfectly straight, and truly cylindrical, and the parts accurately fitted together. The hinges should lie placed so that their axes may be in