Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/548

Rh 488 BUILDING [JOINERY. Joining angles. 56, which may be made of greater or less projection. Grecian mouldings are all similar in principle, but the parts are of conic sections instead of circles, as explained above, p. 473. A plain square sinking on the edge of a board, as fig. 57, for the purposes of framing, is called a rebate ; if away from the edge, as fig. 58, a groove ; placed under a cap (as fig. 59), or as a necking (as fig. 60), it is called a fillet; three such fillets under an ovolo, when composing part of the capital of a column, are called annulets. In all kinds of framing the mouldings which rise above the styles are called bolection mouldings (see fig. 82). The mouldings during the mediaeval period used by the carpenter and joiner, who were perhaps the same person, seldom varied from those cut by the mason, except that they were somewhat more refined and less in size, as appro priate to the material out of which they were to be cut. &quot; They are such as would not be executed in any other material; they are sharp, delicate, minute, and quaintly under-cut. Every curve is subtle ; every alternation of round and flat and hollow thoughtfully contrived, graceful, and yet vigorous ; they are very often unlike any stone mouldings,&quot; says Mr G. E. Street, iu a lecture in 1865 on &quot;English Woodwork in the 13th and 14th Centuries,&quot; printed in the Transactions of the Royal Insti tute of British Architects. &quot; In the stalls at Selby there is an elaborate cap only 1|- inches in height ; and at Win chester a band |-ths of an inch in height, and yet consisting of four distinct members, and showing in elevation as many as eight distinct lines.&quot; The woodcuts appended will suffice to explain the author s mean ing. Fig. 61 is a mullion from stalls at Winchester Cathedral, and fig. 62 from St Mary s Hospital at Chichester. Figs. 63 and 64 are arch mouldings from the same stalls ; and fig. 65, the cornice of a screen iu Old Shoreham church. Fig. 66 is a cap and base from the stalls at Winchester. angles, by fig. 67, and is called a mitre. When an angle of considerable length is to be joined, and the kind of work does not require that the joining should be concealed, fig. 68 is often employed; the small bead renders the appearance of the joint less objectionable, because any irregularities from shrinkage are not seen in the shade of the quirk of the bead. A bead upon an angle, where the nature of the work does not determine it to be an arris, is attended with many ad vantages ; it is less liable to be injured, and admits of a secure joint without the appearance of one. Fig. 69 shows a joint of this description, which should always be used in passages. Fig. 70 represents a very good joint for an exterior angle, whether it be a long or a short oue. Such a joint may be nailed both ways. But the joint represented by fig. 71 is superior to it ; the parts, being drawn together by the form of the joint itself, can be fitted with more accuracy, and joined with certainty. The angles of pilasters are often joined by this last method. Interior angles are com monly joined as shown in fig. 72. If the FlG .66. Capand upper or lower edge be visible, the joint Base from Me- is mitred, as in fig. 67, at the edge only, difcval stalls - the other part of the joint being rebated, as in fig. 70. In this manner are put together the skirtin&quot;- anddado FIGS. 61, 62. Mediaeval Mullions. FIGS. 63, 64, 65. Mediaeval Mouldings and Cornice. When an inclined or raking moulding is intended to join with a level moulding, at either an exterior or an interior angle, the form of the level moulding being given, it is necessary that the form of the inclined moulding should be determined, so that the corresponding parts of the surfaces of the two mouldings should meet in the same plane, this plane being the plane of the mitre. This may be otherwise expressed by saying that the mouldings should initre truly together. When the length of a joint at an angle is not consider able, it is sufficient to cut the joint in such a manner that when the parts are joined, the plane of the joint shall bisect the angle. This kind of joint is shown for two different Fig. 67. Fig. 69. Fig- 70. Fig. 71. Fig. 72. FIGS. 67-72. Different forms of Joints at the interior angles of rooms, the backs and backlinings of windows, the jambs of door-ways, and various other fit FIG. 74. Mitre- dovetail. FIG. 73. Dovetail. FIG. 75. Lap- dovetail parts of joiners work. Fig. 73 is an excellent method of joining angles for drawers, frames for lead cisterns, boxes,