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36 whole. Is a man when he dies at once translated to the next stage, or must he wait until the time comes when the advancement of the whole human race takes place, before he, at any rate consciously, realizes the new state 1 There seem, in fact, to be two distinct but somewhat analogous doctrines, that of the constantly increasing advancement of the individual in future stages of existence, and that of the constantly increasing advancement of the race as a whole according to the successive evolutions of the globe. Bonnet s complete works appeared at Neufchatel in 1779-1785, partly revised by himself. An English trans lation of certain portions of the Palingenesie Philosophique was published in 1787, under the title, Philosophical and Critical Inquiries concerning Christianity. (See A. Lemoine, Charles Bonnet, Paris, 1850; and the Due dc Cararaan s Charles Bonnet, pldlosoplie et natural iste, Paris, 1859.).  BONNEVAL,, a celebrated French adventurer, known also as Achmet Pasha, was the descendant of an old family of Limousin. He was born on the 14th July 1675 at Coussac, and at the age of thirteen joined the Royal Marine Corps. After three years he entered the Guards, whence he was transferred to the infantry regiment of Latour He served in the Italian campaigns under Catinat, Villeroi, and Vendome, and in the Netherlands under Luxembourg, giving proofs of indomitable courage and great military ability. His inso lent bearing towards Chamillard, minister of war, was made matter for a court-martial. He was condemned to death, but having foreseen this sentence, he saved himself by flight to Germany. Through the influence of Prince Eugene he obtained a command in the Austrian army, and fought with great bravery and distinction against France, and afterwards against Turkey. He was severely wounded at Peterwardein, and after his recovery paid a visit to Paris. The proceedings against him in France had been allowed to drop, and he married a daughter of Marshal de Biron, whom, however, he deserted after a wsek or two. HP returned again to the Austrian army, and fought with distinction at Belgrade. He might now have risen to the highest rank, had he not made himself disagreeable to Prince Eugene, who sent him as master of the ordnance to the Low Countries There his ungovernable temper led him into a quarrel with the Marquis de Prie, governor of the Netherlands, who answered his challenge by placing him in confinement. A court-martial was again held upon him, and he was condemned to death ; but the emperor commuted the sentence to one year s imprisonment and banishment from the imperial domains. Bonneval, soon after his release, offered his services to the Turkish Government, professed the Mahometan faith, and took the name of Achmet. He was made a pasha of three tails, and appointed to the command of the artillery. He rendered valuable sevices to the sultan in his war with Russia, and with the famous Kouli Khan. As a reward he received the governorship of Chios, but soon fell under the suspicion of the Porte, and was banished for a time to the shores of the Black Sea. He was meditating a return to Europe and Christianity when he died at Constantinople, 27th March 1 747. The Memoirs published under his name are spurious. (See Prince de Ligne, Memoire snr la Comte de Bonneval, 1817.)  BONNIVARD,, the &quot; prisoner of Chillon,&quot; was born at Seyssel in 1496. Educated at Turin, he suc ceeded, in 1510, to the priory of St Victor, just outside the walls of Geneva, his uncle having resigned in his favour. Of ardent republican principles he espoused the cause of the Genevese against the duke of Savoy, who was seeking to assert the seignorial rights that had just been ceded to him by the prince bishop. In 1519, on the entrance of the duke into Geneva, Bonnivard was arrested and im prisoned for two years at Grolee. On his liberation he returned to his priory. In 1530, when travelling in the service of the republic, he was unfortunate enough to fall into the hands of robbers, who delivered him over once more to the duke of Savoy. His imprisonment in the castle of Chillon, which has been celebrated in Byron s poem, lasted till 1536, when he was liberated by the com bined force of the Bernese and Genevese. On his return to Geneva, which had now completely emancipated itself, he received the honours and rewards that were due to Lis patriotism, being made a member of the Council of Tvo Hundred, and endowed with a pension. He died about 1570, the precise date being uncertain. Bonnivard was the author of a history of Geneva, and left his books and manuscripts to the town.  BONPLAND,, traveller and, was born at , 22, 1773. After serving as a in the  and studying under  at, he accompanied  during five years of travel in , , and the districts bordering on the  and. In these explorations Bonpland collected and about 6000 s till then mostly unknown in, which he afterwards described in Plantes Equinoxiales, &c. (, 1808-1816). On returning to he received a  and the superintendence of the s at, became acquainted with , , and other eminent , and published Monographie des Mélastomées (1806), and Description des plantes rares de Navarre. After vainly endeavouring to persuade to  to, he set out, in 1816, with various  for , where he was   of , an office which he soon quitted in order to explore Central. While journeying to he was ed as a, in 1821, by command of , who detained him a prisoner at  until 1831, during which time he acted with great disinterestedness as a  to the neighbouring poor. On regaining liberty he resided at in the  of, until his removal in 1853 to , where he occupied himself in , and in  the  which he had introduced. He was widely respected, and was presented with an estate worth 10,000 s by the of. His intention of revisiting was frustrated by his death at  in 1858. (See 's Travels.)  BONSTETTEN,, was born at in 1745, of a  and ancient family. He received the elements of his in his native, and at fourteen was sent to , and soon after to. There he imbibed many revolutionary doctrines both in and, which ill fitted him for a career as a ese  of the traditional type; and his father, alarmed at the tone of his son's s, peremptorily ordered him to return home—a command which the young man, albeit he would acknowledge no authority but , was obliged to obey. The change, however, was worse than useless; for the dulness of so preyed upon his mind that he made an attempt on his life, which was frustrated by the somewhat curious accident of a ray of the  attracting his attention when about to discharge the. His father seeing his condition, sent him to to finish his studies; but as the  of the place disagreed with him, he was allowed to exchange it for, which he reached in 1769. The facility with which he gathered friends around him, which distinguished him, perhaps, as much as anything else, made his stay in not the least happy period of his life. He went home by way of, where he was introduced to much of the best in , but on his return