Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/442

394 favourite poets. His &quot; Lochleven &quot; and &quot; Elegy written in Spring &quot; are alone worthy of preservation, and both were composed in his last year. The former abounds in happy word-painting and moral reflections. The tale of Levina, which forms about the half of the poem, and is by far the prettiest flower in the bouquet, bears distinct marks of the same hand that wrote &quot; Runnimede.&quot; The &quot;Elegy &quot;is most affecting, when read in the knowledge of the circumstance of its having been written by a dying youth of twenty-one:—

Led by pale ghosts I enter death s dark gate, And bid the realms of light and life adieu. &quot; It is a death song, remarkable for exquisite beauty and chaste simplicity. Bruce is not to be compared with another young Scottish poet, Robert Nicoll. His life wanted the fulness and strength, his poems the wide and vivid sympathies of his later compeer. 

BRUCE,, of. See .

BRUCHSAL, a town of the Grand Duchy of Baden, in the circle of Carlsruhe, 14 miles from the city of that name, on the Salzbach. From 1056 to 1801 it was the seat of the bishop of Spires, whose magnificent palace is still extant; and it has an old castle of the 12th century (now used as a prison), a town-house, a gymnasium, a hospital, barracks, and a considerable trade in wine. Pop ulation in 1872, 9762. The town was originally the seat of an imperial palace, and its name is said to be derived from bruch a marsh, and sala, royal possession. The Peasants War first broke out at Bruchsal, which has been several times reduced to ashes in subsequent conflicts. In 1849 it was the scene of an engagement between the Prussian troops and Baden insurgents.

BRUCK, the name of two towns of Austria—

(1.), the chief town of a circle in the province of Steyermark, situated at the junction of the rivers Mur and Miirz, with a station on the railway from Vienna to Trieste, 25 miles N.W. of Gratz. It contains about 2900 inhabitants, and has a considerable transit trade. The principal building is the palace of the ancient princes of Brack, which dates from the 14th century.}} {{ti|1em|2. {{sc|Bruck on the Leytha}}, the chief town of a circle in Lower Austria, with the castle of the counts of Harrach. It lies on the Vienna and Buda railway, 20 miles S.E. of Vienna. Population, 4203.

{{larger|BRÜCKENAU}}, a town and fashionable watering-place of Bavaria, in the circle of Lower Franconia, on the Sinn, 16 miles N.W. of Kissingen. The mineral springs, which are five in number, situated in the pleasant valley of the Sinn, 2 miles from the town, were a favourite resort of Louis I. of Bavaria. Population in 1871, 2825.

{{larger|BRUCKER}}, {{sc|James}}, {{9link|Theology|theologian}}, {{9link|History|historian}}, {{9link|Philology|philologer}}, and {{9link|Biography|biographer}}, was born at {{9link|Augsburg}} on the 22d of {{9link|January}} 1696. His father, who was a respectable {{9link|burgher}}, destined him for the {{9link|church}}; and his own inclinations according with his father's wishes, he was sent at the usual age to pursue his studies in the {{9link|university}} of {{9link|Jena}}. Here he took the degree of {{9link|master}} of {{9link|arts}} in 1718; and in the following year he published his {{abbr|{{lang|la|Tentamen Introductionis in Historiam Doctrinæ de Ideis}}|Latin: An Essay Introducing the History of the Logical Doctrine of Ideas}}, in {{nowrap|{{abbr|4to|quarto}},—}}a work which he afterwards amplified and completed, and {{9link|Publishing|republished}} under the title of {{abbr|{{lang|la|Historia Philosophica Doctrinæ de Ideis}}|Latin: A Philosophical History of the Doctrine of Ideas}}, at {{9link|Augsburg}} in 1723. He returned to his native city in 1720; but here his merit having attracted envy rather than recompense, he was induced to accept of the office of {{9link|parish}} {{9link|minister}} of {{9link|Kaufbevern}} in 1723. In the same year he published a memoir {{abbr|{{lang|la|De Vita et Scriptis Cl. Etringeri}}|Latin: De Vita et Scriptis Celeberrimi Quondam Viri Eliae Ehingeri Commentatio; Commentary on the Life and Writings of the Once Quite Famous Man Elias Ehinger}}, {{abbr|{{9link|Augsburg|Augs}}|Augsburg}}. {{abbr|8vo|octavo}}. His reputation having been at length established by these learned works, in 1731 he was elected a member of the {{9link|Academy}} of {{9link|Science}}s at {{9link|Berlin}}; and soon afterwards he was invited to {{9link|Augsburg}} to fill the honourable situation of {{9link|pastor}} and senior {{9link|minister}} of the {{9link|church}} of {{9link|Ulric, St|{{abbr|St|Saint}} Ulric}}. He {{9link|Publishing|published}} in the same year three {{9link|dissertation}}s relating to the {{9link|Philosophy#History|history of philosophy}}, under the title of {{abbr|{{lang|la|Otium Vindelicum sive Meletematum Historico-philosophicorum Triga}}|Latin: Augsburg Idleness, or, a Triga of Historico-Philosophical Essays}}, {{9link|Augsburg}}, 1731, {{abbr|8vo|octavo}}. Besides several smaller {{9link|dissertation}}s on {{9link|biography}} and {{9link|Literature#History|literary history}}, {{9link|Printing|printed}} at different times, and which he afterwards collected in his {{abbr|{{lang|la|Miscellanea}}|Latin: Miscellanea Historiae Philosophicae Literariae Criticae; A Miscellany of Critical Literary Philosophical History}}, he published at {{9link|Ulm}}, in 1737, {{abbr|{{lang|de|Neue Zusätze verschiedener Vermehrungen}}, &c., {{lang|de|zu den kurtzen Fragen aus der philosophischen Historie}}|German: Neue Zusätze Verschiedener Vermehrungen, Erläuterungen und Verbesserungen zu den Kurtzen Fragen aus der Philosophischen Historie; New Additions of Various Expansions, Explanations, and Improvements to Concise Questions from Philosophical History}}, 7 {{abbr|vols|volumes}}. {{abbr|12mo|duodecimo}}. This work being a {{9link|Philosophy#History|history of philosophy}} in question and answer, contains many details, especially in the department of {{9link|Literature#History|literary history}}, which he has chosen to omit in his greater work on the same subject. He was forced by the {{9link|Bookselling|booksellers}}, in opposition to his own opinion, to adopt the {{linktext|erotematic}} method, which at that time had been rendered popular by the writings of {{9link|Hübner, Johann|Hubner}} and {{9link|Rambach, Johann Jacob|Rambach}}.

In 1741, at {{9link|Leipsic}}, appeared the first volume of his great work, {{abbr|{{lang|la|Historia Critica Philosophiæ, a mundi incunabulis ad nostram usque ætatem deducta}}|Latin: A Critical History of Philosophy, From the Origin of the World Led Down All the Way to Our Age}}. Four other ponderous quartos, completing the first edition of this elaborate {{9link|history}}, followed in 1744. Such was the success of this {{9link|Book|publication}}, that the first impression, consisting of four thousand copies, was exhausted in twenty-three years, when a new and more perfect edition, the consummation of the labours of half a century devoted to the {{9link|Philosophy#History|history of philosophy}}, was in 1767 given to the world in six volumes quarto. The sixth volume, consisting entirely of supplement and corrections, is applicable to the first as well as to the second edition. Of the merits of this work we shall speak in the sequel.

His attention, however, was not wholly occupied by this stupendous undertaking. The following {{9link|book}}s would of themselves have been sufficient to exhaust the industry of any ordinary author: {{abbr|{{lang|la|Pinacotheca Scriptorum nostra ætate literis illustrium}}|Latin: A Picture Gallery of Illustrious Men of Letters in Our Age}}, {{abbr|{{lang|la|&c.}}|Latin: et cetera; ... and others}}, {{9link|Augsburg|Ausgsburg}}, 1741–55, folio, in five {{linktext|decade}}s. {{abbr|{{lang|de|Ehrentempel der Deutschen Gelehrsamkeit in welchem die Bildnisse gelehrter Männer unter den Deutschen aus dem XV., XVI., und XVII. Jahrhundert aufgestellet, und ihre Geschichte, &c., entworfen sind}}|German: Ehren-tempel der Deutschen Gelehrsamkeit, in welchem die Bildnisse gelehrter, und um die schönen und philologischen Wissenschafften verdienter Männer unter den Deutschen aus dem XV. XVI. und XVII. Jahrhunderte aufgestellet, und ihre Geschichte, Verdienste und Merckwürdigkeiten entworfen sind; Honor-Temple of German Scholarship, in which the Portraits of the Learned and the Lovely and Philological Science of Deserving Men among the Germans from the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries are Placed, and its History, Merits, and Points of Interest Developed}}, {{9link|Augsburg}}, 1747–49, {{abbr|4to|quarto}}, five {{abbr|decads|decades}}. {{abbr|{{lang|la|Institutiones Historiæ Philosophicæ}}|Latin: Institutions of Philosophical History}}, {{9link|Leipsic}}, 1747, {{abbr|8vo|octavo}}, second edition, {{abbr|{{lang|la|ibid}}|Latin: ibidem; in the same place}}, 1756; a third has been published since Brucker's death, with a continuation by {{9link|Born, Friedrich Gottlob|Professor Born}} of {{9link|Leipsic}}, in 1790. {{abbr|{{lang|la|Miscellanea Historiæ Philosophicæ Literariæ Criticæ olim sparsim edita, nunc uno fasce collecta}}|Latin: A Miscellany of Philosophical, Literary, Critical History, Once Issued Separately, Now Collected in One Bundle}}, {{9link|Augsburg}}, 1748, {{abbr|8vo|octavo}}. {{abbr|{{lang|de|Erste Anfangsgrunde der philosophischen Geschichte, als ein Auszug seiner grossern Werke, zweyte Ausgabe}}|German: First Initial Grounds of Philosophical History, as an Excerpt of His Great Work, Second Edition}}, {{9link|Ulm}}, 1751, {{abbr|8vo|octavo}}. He likewise superintended and corrected an edition of {{9link|Luther, Martin|Luther}}'s translation of the {{9link|Old Testament|Old}} and {{9link|New Testament|New Testment}}, with a Commentary extracted from the writings of the {{9link|England|English}} {{9link|Theology|theologians}}, {{9link|Leipsic}}, 1758–70, folio, six parts. His death ensued before the completion of this work, which has since been accomplished by {{9link|Teller, Wilhelm Abraham|Teller}}. He died at {{9link|Augsburg}} in 1770; and he may be added to the {{9link|catalogue}} of {{9link|Huet, Pierre Daniel|Huetius}}, to prove that literary labour is not incompatible with sound health and longevity. (See {{abbr|{{9link|Sachs, Christopher Gottlob|Saxii}}|Latin: Christophorus Saxus; Christopher Gottlob Sachs}} {{abbr|{{lang|la|Onomasticon}}|Latin: Onomasticon Literarium sive Nomenclator Historico-Criticus; A Literary Name List, or, A Historico-Critical Nomenclator}}; {{abbr|{{lang|fr|Biographie Universelle}}|French: Universal Biography}}; {{9link|Gesner, Johann Matthias|Gesner}}'s {{abbr|{{lang|la|Isagoge}}|Latin: Primæ Lineæ Isagoges in Eruditionem Universalem; Introductions to a First Line in a Universal Knowledge}}.)

It is only by his writings on the {{9link|Philosophy#History|history of philosophy}} that Brucker is now known in the {{9link|literature}} of {{9link|Europe}}. In this study his great work forms an important era, and even at the present day it is the most extensive and elaborate upon the subject. It is, however, a work of which the defects are great, and its errors have been important in their consequences, in proportion to the authority it has acquired. We shall, therefore, hazard a few general observations on the defects which chiefly detract from the perfection and utility of the Critical History of Philosophy.

{{fine block/s}}If Brucker had carried into this study a penetration equal to his diligence, and had his general comprehension of the scope and {{fine block/e}}{{div col end}}