Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/40

30 fond of art, and liberal In 1810 Napoleon, although he had a great affection for her, banished her from court for her insulting behaviour to Maria Louisa. Yet she joined him in the Isle of Elba in 1814, and would fain have accompanied him in his exile at St Helena. She was reconciled to her husband shortly before her death on 9th June 1825 Pauline was Napoleon s favourite sister. She was extremely beautiful, and her statue as Venus Victrix, by Canova, is a well-known work of art.

, born at Ajaccio 1782. In 1800 she was married to Murat; in 180G she became grand-duchess of Berg and of Cleves, and in 1808 queen of Naples. In 1815, after the flight of her husband, she was compelled to leave the capital, and surrendered to the Austrians. She was for a short time imprisoned at Trieste, and was then permitted to reside at Haimburg near Vienna She afterwards obtained leave to take up her abode at Trieste with her sister Elisa. In 1838 she obtained a pension from the French Government, but did not enjoy it long. She died on 18th May 1839.

, the youngest brother of Napoleon, was born at Ajaccio iu 1784. In 1800 he entered the navy, and served in the Mediterranean, and under Villaret Joyeuse in the West Indies. In 1802-3 he was recalled; but the port in which his vessel lay being blockaded by the English cruisers, he made his way to Boston, whence he intended to take a passage to France. He was well received iu the United States, and fell violently in love with a beauti ful young American, Miss Elizabeth Paterson, daughter of a Baltimore merchant, whom he married on the 24th December 1803. He remained in America till 1805. Meanwhile Napoleon, excessively displeased, had passed a decree annulling the marriage, and declined to allow the lady to enter France Jerome s submission was rewarded by high command in the navy, in which he showed himself a competent officer. In 1806 he was made brigadier-general in the army, and distinguished himself in Silesia. On the 8th July of the following year he was made king of West phalia; and, on the 22d August, lie married the daughter of Frederick king of Wiirtemberg. He accompanied Napoleon on the Russian campaign, but was disgraced for apparent want of success in some engagement, and retired to his kingdom. After the first abdication he lived for some tlnie at Trieste, but at once rejoined the emperor in 1815, and took a conspicuous part in the hurried events of the Hundred Days. After Waterloo and the second abdication, Jerome retired to the kingdom of his father-in- law, where he lived in a species of imprisonment. He moved afterwards to Trieste. .Rome, Florence, and Lausanne, and in 1847 was permitted to visit Paris. In the follow ing year he was made governor of the Invalides, and in 1850 marshal of France. In 1852 he was president of the senate, but after that time he took no active part in politics. He died on the 24th June I860. Of his children the only one famous is Joseph Charles Paul, com monly known as Prince Napoleon, born in 1822.

1em  BONAVENTURA., or , more commonly known as StBonaventura, was born at Bagnarea in the Papal States, in the year. He was at an early age destined by his mother for the church, and is said to have received his cognomen of Bonaventura from Francis of Assisi, who performed on him a miraculous cure. He entered the Franciscan order in his twenty-second year, and is said to have studied at Paris under Alexander of Hales. This does not seem very probable, but he certainly studied under Alexander's successor, John of Rochelle, to whose chair he succeeded in. Three s before that period his fame had gained for him permission to read upon the Sentences, and in he received the degree of doctor. So high was his reputation both for brilliancy of intellect and purity of mind that, in the following year, he was elected general of his order. He at once set himself to work to introduce better discipline, and by his mild regulations succeeded in effecting much good. He was an advocate of asceticism, and looked upon the monastic life as the surest means of grace. It is worthy of notice that by his orders was interdicted from lecturing at Oxford, and compelled to put himself under the surveillance of the order at Paris. Bonaventura was instrumental in procuring the election of , who rewarded him with the titles of cardinal and bishop of Albano, and insisted on his presence at the great Council of Lyons in. At this meeting he died. Bonaventura's character seems not unworthy of the eulogistic title, &ldquo;Doctor Seraphicus,&rdquo; bestowed on him by his contemporaries, nor of the place assigned to him by Dante in his Paradiso. He was formally in 1482 by Sixtus IV. His works, as arranged in the Lyons edition (7 vols., folio), consist of expositions and sermons, filling the first three volumes; of a commentary on the Sentences of Lombardus, in two volumes, celebrated among mediaeval theologians as incomparably the best exposition of the third part; and of minor treatises rilling the remaining two volumes, and including a life of StFrancis. The smaller works are the most important, and of them the best are the famous Itinerarium Mentis ad Deum, Breviloquium, De Itethtc- tione Artiuni ad Theologiam, /Soliloquium, and De septem itineribiis ceternitatis, in which most of what is individual in his teaching is contained. In philosophy Bonaventura presents a marked contrast to his great contemporaries, Thomas Aquinas and. While these may be taken as representing respectively physical science yet in its infancy, and Aristotelian scholasticism in its most perfect form, he brings before us the mystical and Flatonizing mode of speculation which had already to some extent found expression in Hugo and Richard of StVictor, and in Bernard of Clairvaux. To him the purely intellectual element, though never absent, is of inferior interest when compared with the living power of the affections or the heart. He rejects the authority of Aristotle, to whose influence he ascribes much of the heretical tendency of the age, and some of whose cardinal doctrines such as the eternity of the world he combats vigorously. But the Platonism he received was Plato as understood by, and as he had been handed down by the Alexandrian school and the authors of the mystical works passing under the name of Dionysius the Areopagite. Bonaventura accepts as Platonic the theory that ideas do not exist in rerum natura, but as thoughts of the divine mind, according to which actual things were formed; and this conception has no slight influence upon his philosophy. Like all the great scholastic doctors he starts with the discussion of the rela tions between reason and faith. All the sciences are but the handmaids of theology; reason can discover some of the moral truths which form the groundwork of the Christian system, but others it can only receive and apprehend through divine illumination. In order to obtain this illumination the soul must employ the proper means, which are prayer, the exercise of the virtues, whereby it is rendered fit to accept the divine light, and meditation which may rise even to ecstatic union with God. The supreme end of life is such union, union in contemplation or intellect 