Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/300

256 and its exports of many of these articles in a manufactured state. In 1874 the arrivals were 3407 vessels, with a register of 1)90,101 tons, 650 belonging to Bremen, 418 to Britain, and 1 317 to Holland. Much of the shipping trade of the city is conducted at Bremerhaven and Vege- sack, because vessels drawing more than 7 feet cannot get up to the town. Among the societies of the city are a nautical association, the German Life-Boat Institution, and the cnamber of commerce.

1em 1em  BREMER,, the most celebrated ist, was born near , in , on the 17th  1801. Her father, a descendant of an old family, was a wealthy  master and. He left when Fredrika was three years old, and after a year's residence in, purchased an estate at , about 20 s from. There, with occasional visits to and to a neighbouring estate, which belonged for a time to her father, Fredrika passed her time till 1820. The to which she and her sisters were subjected was unusually strict; their parents, especially their father, were harsh and took little or no pains to understand the temperaments of the children. The constant repression, the sense of being misunderstood, and the apparent aimlessness of such an existence told with greatest force upon Fredrika, who was of a quick and eager disposition, fond of praise and conscious of powers which it seemed to her must lie for ever unused. She felt as if her life were being wasted; there was nothing on which she could expend her energy; no career was open to a woman. Her health began to give way; and in 1821 the whole family set out for the of. They travelled slowly by way of and, and returned by  and. It was shortly after this time that Miss Bremer became acquainted with 's, which made a very deep impression on her. Her home life, however, was still unsatisfying, and in her passionate longing for some work to which she could devote herself, and through which she might do some good in the world, she for a time resolved to join one of the s as a. This plan was given up on the entreaty of her sister. Meanwhile, she had found relief for her pent-up feelings in, or rather in continuing to write, for she had been an authoress of a sort from the age of eight. In 1828 she determined to attempt, and succeeded in finding a publisher. The first volume of her Sketches of Every Day Life (1828) at once attracted attention, and the second volume (1831), containing one of her best tales, The H— Family, gave decisive evidence that a real ist had been found in. The  awarded her their smaller , and the fortunate authoress became famous. From this time Miss Bremer had found her vocation. Her father had died in 1830, and her life was thereafter regulated in accordance with her own wishes and tastes. She lived for some years in with a friend, after whose death she resolved to gratify a long-repressed desire for travel. In the of 1849 she set out for, and after spending nearly two years there returned through. The admirable translations of her works by, which had been received with even greater eagerness in and  than in , secured for her a warm and kindly reception. Her impressions of, Homes in the New World, were published in 1853, and were at once translated into. After her return Miss Bremer devoted herself to her great scheme for the advancement or, one may say, of women. On this subject she had thought deeply, and her own experience was of value to her in shaping her ideas of what the and function of woman should be. &ldquo;She wished,&rdquo; says her sister, &ldquo;that women should, like men and together with them, be allowed to study at the and, in order to gain an opportunity of obtaining suitable employments and situations in the service of the. . .. She said she was firmly convinced that women could acquire all kinds of knowledge just as well as men, that they ought to stand on the same level, and that they ought to prepare themselves in the and  to become rs, s, s, s, and functionaries in the service of the &rdquo; (Life, &c., pp. 81-2). Some of these views were expounded in her later s, Hertha and Father and Daughter, which naturally were not so successful as her other works. Miss Bremer not only wrote of her plans, but endeavoured, so far as she could, to induce women to devote themselves to some kind of work. She organized a society of ladies in for the purpose of visiting the s, and during the  raised a society the object of which