Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/30

20 His two most celebrated productions are the siugle bronze figure of Mercury, poised on one foot, resting on the head of a zephyr, as if in the act of springing into the air (in the Florentine gallery), and the famous marble group of the Rape of the Sabines, which received this name, Lanzi informs us, after it was finished. It is now iu the Loggia de Lanzi of the ducal piazza. Giovanni was also employed at Genoa, where he executed various excellent works, chiefly in bronze. All his pieces are characterized by great spirit and elegance.  BOLSENA, a town of Italy, in the province of Rome, and the district of Viterbo, 10 miles S. by E. of Orvieto. It is situated on the north shore of the lake of the same name (Lago di Bolsena), and probably occupies the site of the Roman city of Volsinii. The principal remains are the ruins of an amphitheatre and those of a temple, which is popularly called il Ttmpio di Norzia after the Etruscan goddess Norsia, and there are numerous other relics scattered throughout the city or built into the walls of its modern buildings. Volsinii was originally one of the most powerful of the Etruscan cities, and occupied a position among the hills ; but after a series of struggles with the Romans, the Volsinians were finally subdued about 280 B.C., their city was razed to the ground, and themselves obliged to settle in a less defensible site in the plaiu. The only event of interest in the history of the new town was its being the birthplace of Sejanus, the favourite of Tiberius. Its present population is only 2G90. The Lake of Bolsena is about 10 miles in length by 8 in breadth, and is surrounded by well-wooded hills. It contains two small islands, Bisentina and Martana, in the latter of which Amalasontha, the wife of Theodatus, king of the Goths, was put to death by his orders.  Arms of Bolton. BOLTON, or, a municipal and parlia mentary borough of England, in the county of Lancashire, 11 miles N.W. of Manchester, in 53 35 N. lat. and 2 37 W. long. It is divided by the Croal, a small tributary of the Jewell, into Great and Little Bolton, the former of which is situated on the south side of the stream. The town is on the whole well arranged and well built, and great improvements and extensions have been effected since 1860. An abundant supply of water is obtained from the neighbouring hills and stored in reservoirs at Belmont, Sharpies, and Heaton. The water works, formerly in the hands of a com pany founded in 1824, have been the property of the corporation since 1847. The water rises by natural pressure to a height of 80 feet. Bolton possesses a large number of churches, but few are remarkable for either antiquity or architecture. The parish church of St Peter s, a building of somewhat early date, was restored in an elaborate style about 1 868. Among the educational establishments may be mentioned Lever s Grammar School, founded in 1641, where Dr Ainsworth, the Latin lexicographer, and Lempriere, of the Classical Dic tionary, were formerly masters. A new town-hall, two cloth- halls, a fish-market, an exchange, a theatre, and assembly- rooms, are among the chief buildings. There are several public libraries and a mechaniss institute; and in 1855 a large Church of England institute was erected. During the great cotton famine the unemployed operatives were set to work on a large public park, which was opened in 18G6. The cotton manufacture ki various departments is still the most important in the town; in 1871 it gave employment to 8708 men and 1 1,353 women of twenty years of age and upwards. Various other industries, however, are extensively carried on. In 1871, 1030 adult workmen were employed in the manufacture of machinery, and 2524 in the iron manufacture ; while silk-weaving was the occupation of 881, linen -weaving of 289, and paper-making of 306. Bleaching is also extensively carried on, and there are chemical works, dye-works, and calico-printing establishments. The coal mines in the neighbourhood give employment to nearly 4000 miners. Bolton is a place of some antiquity, but had little importance till the introduction of the woollen manufacture by Flemish immigrants about 1337. Several centuries afterwards its industries received a further development from a body of French refugees, driven from their own country by the Edict of Nantes. During the civil war of the 17th century the inhabitants espoused the popular side, and their town was taken by storm in 1644 by the royalists under Prince Rupert and the earl of Derby. The 18th century saw a great stimulus given not only to Bolton but to all England by the inventions of Arkwright and Crompton, who were both natives of the parish. It was here that cotton velvets were made for the first time (in 1756) and muslins (1782) by means of machinery. In 1791 a canal was constructed from Manchester to Bolton, and iu the following year an Act of Parliament was passed for enclosing Bolton Moor. This measure was soon succeeded by a large extension of the town, which has since continued to increase from year to year. The municipal borough, with an area of 1748 acres, contained in 1851 10,394 inhabited houses for a population of 61,171; and in 1861, 13,129 houses for a population of 70,395. In 1871 the borough, with an increased area of 1822 acres, included 16,286 houses, and the population was 82,853. The parliamentary borough, which owes its existence to the Reform Bill of 1832. returns two members to parliament.  BOLZANO,, Catholic theologian and philo sopher, was born at Prague on the 5th October 1781. He distinguished himself by his proficiency in mathematics, a study for which he always retained a predilection, and in philosophy. At the age of twenty-four he took orders, and was appointed professor of the philosophy of religion at the philosophical faculty in Prague. His lectures, in which he endeavoured so to present the system of Catholic theology as to show its complete harmony with reason, were received with eager interest by the younger generation of thinkers. But his views met with much opposition ; and it was only through the powerful protection of the Prince Archbishop Salm-Salm that he was enabled to retain his chair. At last, in 1820, he was accused of being connected with some of the students societies, and was compelled to resign his professorship. Several doctrines extracted from his works were condemned at Rome, and he was suspended from his priestly functions. The remainder of his life was devoted to literary work. He died at Prague in 1848. Bolzano s works are very numerous, filling, according to Erdinann, twenty-five volumes. The most important are the Wissenschaftslehre (4 vols., Sulzbach, 1837), containing some admirable discussions on logic, and the Lehrbuch dtr Religions-wissenschaft (4 vols., Sulzbach, 1834), which con tains a philosophic representation of all the dogmas of the Catholic theology. In some respects it resembles the earlier work of Georg Hermes, for whom Bolzano had a great veneration. Some of the best of his minor works are on the philosophy of mathematics ; such are Betmcktung- cn iiber Elementargeometrie, Beitrdge znr bcyriindeteren Darstellung der Mathematik, Bcgnindung der Leltre von der drei Diinmsionen des Ruums. (See LebensbescJireibvng des Dr Bolzano (an autobiography), 1836; Wisshaupt, Skizzen mis dem Leben Dr Bohunos, 1850. A good account of Bolzano s philosophical position will be found in Erdmann, Grundriss der Ges. d. Phil., ii. p. 385, sqq.)