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Rh his son the marquis of Seignelay. Ho afterwards wrote several other works in French, the chief of which are, La Manier de bien parser sur les ouvrages d'esprit, 1687; Remarks and Doubis upon the French Language, 1694 ; The Life of St Ignatius, 1679 ; The Art of Pleasing in Conversation; The Life of St Francis Xavier, 1682, It was his practice to publish alternately a book on literature and a work on some subject of piety, which gave occasion to a wag, in a satirical epitaph, to remark of him, &quot; qu il servait le monde et le ciel par semestre.&quot; His Pensces ingenieiises ties Anciens et des Modernes, though at once instructive and amusing, exposed him to censure as well as ridicule, on account of some strange misjudgmeuts and omissions. He has classed Boileau with the least esteemed of the Italian satirical versifiers, and has omitted, in his Thoughts on the Moderns, all mention of Pascal, a circumstance which is doubtless to be explained by his being a disciple of St Ignatius, who, it may be supposed, would willingly forget the author of the Provincial Letters. Bouhours died at Paris in 1702.

 BOUILLON,, one of the foremost leaders in the first crusade, was born at Baisy, near Gemappe in Belgium, about 1060. His father was Eustace II. , count of Bouillon in the Ardennes ; and through his mother Ida, daughter of Godfrey, duke of Lower Lorraine, he could claim descent from Charlemagne. In the contest between Henry IV., emperor of Germany, and Hildebrand, he espoused the imperial cause, and was the first to scale the walls of Rome when the emperor s forces besieged that city in 1084. In reward for his services Henry invested him with the titles of marquis of Antwerp and duke of Lorraine. It is said that while suffering from fever, having heard of the preparations for the first crusade, he vowed, were his health restored, to seek Palestine ; &quot; where upon,&quot; says William of Malmesbury, &quot; he shook disease from his limbs, and shone with renovated beauty.&quot; Having pawned his lordship of Bouillon to the church of Liege for 1300 marks, he gathered around him 80,000 infantry and 10,000 horsemen, whom he led with rare ability through Germany to the borders of Hungary, where he shamed his brother Baldwin by offering to go in his stead as :i hostage to the Hungarians. On arriving in 1096 at Con stantinople, he obtained the release of his fellow-crusader Hugh of Vermandois from the wily Greek emperor Alexius, and in the strife which that monarch s duplicity fomented evinced the sagacity and promptitude of a great general. After capturing Antioch and routing a vast Saracen host at Dorylseum in Phrygia, the crusaders arrived, in 1099, at Jerusalem, which was taken after a siege of five weeks, Godfrey entering the breach among the foremost, but tarnishing his glory by ruthlessly ordering a massacre of the infidels. A Christian kingdom of Jerusalem was then founded, of which Godfrey was unanimously elected sove reign ; but he refused to wear a crown of gold where his Lord had worn a crown of thorns, and accepted, instead of the kingly title, the humbler designation of defender and baron of the Holy Sepulchre. During the single year of his rule he repelled the Saracens with admirable courage and skill, routing the Fatimite caliph of Egypt at Ascalon, and with the assistance of others of the pilgrims, drew up from the various feudal statutes of Europe the elaborate system of mediaeval jurisprudence known as the Assizes of Jerusalem. Godfrey died in 1100, and was buried in the church of the Holy Sepulchre ; and so impartial and temperate had been his rule, that Mahometans as well as Christians bewailed his loss. He combined the favourite virtues of his age ; and his exploits, in the quaint words of Gregory de Yinsauf, &quot; were as food in the mouths of their narrators.&quot; He was as accomplished as brave, and could speak the Latin and Teutonic languages with equal ease. Tasso, in the Gerusalemme Liberata, makes Godfrey the equal of Tancred in the field and of Raymond in the council, and seems scarcely to have exaggerated his heroism and skill in war, his piety, wisdom, and purity of life.

 BOULAINVILLIERS,, Lord of St Saire, an eminent French writer, descended from a very ancient and noble family, was born at St Saire in Normandy in 1658. He received his education at the college of Juilli, where he early discovered the uncommon abilities for which he was afterwards distinguished. His historical writings are numerous and important, but deformed by an extravagant admiration of the feudal system, which he regarded as the chef d ceuvre of the human mind. He misses no opportunity of regretting those &quot; good old times,&quot; when the people were enslaved by a few petty tyrants alike ignorant and barbarous. His philosophical writings have now lost all their value. His pretended refutation of the system of Spinoza is a weak and imperfect exposition of that writer s opinions. He died at Paris in 1722.

 BOULOGNE SUR MER, a fortified seaport of France, and the chief town of an arrondissement in Pas-de-Calais,



is situated on the shore of the English Channel at the mouth of the River Liane (anciently Elna), in 50 44 N. lat. and 1 36 E. long., 157 miles from Paris by railway and 28 from Folkestone, Kent. It consists of two parts, the High or Old Town and the Lower or New Town. The former, situated on the top of the bill, is of comparatively small extent, and forms almost a parallelogram, surrounded by ramparts of the 15th century, and entered by ancient gate ways. In this part are the Palais de Justice, the Chateau, the cathedral, and the Hotel de Ville, the last built in 1774, and the belfry tower of the 13th century is in the immediate neighbourhood. In the Chateau, now used as barracks, the Emperor Napoleon III. was confined after his famous attempt to effect a landing in 1840. At some distance north-west stands the cathedral church of Not 