Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 4.djvu/205

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 Plate I. Papavcr Rheeas, Common Red Poppy, belonging to the Nat. Orel. Papaveracere. The leaves are pinnatitid, the peduncles liavc spreading hairs, the calyx consists of 2 caducous sepals, en closing 4 crumpled petals, the stamens are indefinite and hypo- gynous, and the ovary is surmounted by a radiating stigma. Fig. 1. Stamens inserted on the thalamus, below the ovary with its sessile stigma. Fig. 2. Capsule opening by pores below the sessile radiating stigmas. Plate II. Janipha Manihot and Eschscholtzia californica. Fig. 1. Janipha Manihot, Cassava plant, belonging to the Nat. Orel. Euphorbiacece. The leaves are eligitately-partite, and the ilowers are in racemose cymes. Fig. 2. Racemose cyme, with a pentacoccous capsule, which separates in an elastic manner into 5 single-seeded carpels. The cyme bears male as well as female ilowers. Fig. 3. Pistil with stigma. Fig. 4. Stamens and fleshy disk. Fig. 5. Seed with strophiolc. Fig. C. Eschscholtzia californica (nat. size), belonging to the Nat. Orel. Papaveracene. It has a peculiar caducous calyx like a candle-extinguisher, and a tetrapetalous corolla, with numerous hypogynous stamens. Fig. 7. Holioweelend of the peduncle, with the pistil. Fig. 8. Section of ovary, with numerous seeds attached to 2 parietal placentas. Fig. 9. Ceratium or siliqureform capsule (nat. size), opening by 2 valves. Fig. 10. Section of the seed, with the Dicotyledonous embryo, which is shown separately in fig. 11. Plate III. Malva sylvestris, Common Hallow, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Malvaceae. The leaves have 5 lobes, the inflorescence consists of cymose fascicles, and the aestivation is coutortive. Fig. 1. Calyx with a three-leaved epicalyx or involucre. Fig. 2. Obcordate petal, with monadelphoua stamens. Fig. 3. Tube of stamens formed by union of the filaments. Fig. 4. Pistil with numerous carpels and styles. Fig. 5. Stamen with reniform anther opening round the margin. Fig. 6. Section of ovary composed of numerous carpels. Plate IV. Anacardium occidentale, Cashew-nut plant, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Anacardiaceoe. Fig. 1. Branch (somewhat reduced], bearing flowers and fruit. The ilowers are in cymes, anel the peduncles are enlarged in a pear-like form, bearing the nut (the true fruit) at their apex. Fig. 2. Flower not expanded. Fig. 3. Flower expanded. Fig. 4. Stamen anel pistil, with the calyx ; one fertile stamen longer than the others. Fig. 5. Stamen separated. Fig. C. Nut con stituting the fruit. Fig. 7. Nut opened longitudinally. Fig. 8. Seed separated from the nut. Fig. 9. Cotyledons, opened to show the radicle a, and the plumule. Plate V. Sarothamnus scoparius, Common Broom, belonging to the Nat. Orel. Leguminosae or Fabaceae, Sub-ord. Papilionacese. The angled branches bear ternate leaves, papilionaceous flowers, and legumes. Fig. 1. Two-lipped calyx. Fig. 2. Broadly ovate vexillum or standard. Fig. 3. One of the aLu or wings of the corolla. Fig. 4. Carina or keel. Fig. 5. Monadelphous stamens. Fig. G. Hairy ovary with the long style, thickeneel upwards, and spirally curved. Fig. 7. Legume or pod. Plate VI. Carica Papaya and Andromcela bypnoidcs. Fig. 1. Carica Papaya, the Papaw tree (much reduced), belong ing to the Nat. Ord. Papayacese. The leaves are palmately- cleft, and the flowers unisexual. Fig. 2. Portion of a racemose cyme of infiindibulifonn male flowers, with united petals. Fig. 3. Gamo- petalous male flower cut open, showing the ten epieorollinc stamens alternately shorter. Fig. 4. Stamen. Fig. 5. Female flowers with a elecply-5 -parted corolla. Fig. 0. Andromeda hypnoides (nat. size), belonging to the Nat. Ord. Ericacece. Fig. 7. Flower of Andromeda, with 5-parted calyx, and gamopetalous campanulate corolla. Fig. 8. Back view of stamen with its 2-horncd anther. Fig. 9. Front view of stamen with bicornute and biporose anther. Fig. 1 0. Pistil with its ovate acuminate style. Fig. 11. Capsule, 5-cellcd, with a central 5-lobeel placenta. Plate VII. (Euan the crocata, Hemlock Watcr-Dropwort, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Umbelliferre. Leaves compound and sheathing, roots composed of fusiform sessile^knobs, stem hollow, and ilowers in compound umbels, with general and partial involucres. Fig. 1. Flower composcel of 5 petals, with indexed apicula, 5 stamens, and 2 styles with an cpigynous disk. Fig. 2. Lateral view of the cremocarp composed of 2 mericarps or achcncs, with blunt convex ribs, surmounted by the lanceolate teeth of the calyx, and two styles with a disk at their base. Fig. 3. Back vie-w of the cremocarp. Plate VIII. Valcriana ofTicinalis, Great Wild Valerian, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Valcrianacccc, showing the roots, which are offi cinal, the hollow stem, the alternately-pinnate leaves, and Ilowers in corymbose cymes. 1 ig. 1. Separate (lower, consisting of an adherent calyx, with an obsolete limb, an irregular sympetalous corolla, cxsortdl stamens, and 1 style. Fig. 2. Pistil separated, with ovary, style, and stigma. Fig. 3. Monospermal fruit, with the persistent pappose limb of the calyx. Plate IX. Lcontodoii Taraxacum, Common Dandelion, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Composite, Sub-ord. Cichoracecc. The leaves are radical and runcinate, the flowers ligulate, and arranged in capitula. The outer phyllaries (involucral leaves) are rdlexed. Fig. 1. Capitulmn with reilexeel phyllaries and ligulate flowers. Fig. 2. A single ilower, with inferior aehene (cypsehi), stipitate pappus, a ligulate corolla, 5 stamens united by their anthers, and 1 style with 2 stigmas. Fig. 3. Receptacle, become dry anel con vex, with deflexed phyllaries. Fig. 4. Linear-obovate aehene. Plate X. Cuscuta verrueosa, AVarty Doelder, belonging to the Nat. Orel. Cuscutacerc, which is often considered as a sub-order of Convolvulacca?. Fig. 1. Leafless flowering stem of Dodder (nat. size), turning from right to left (contrary to the motion of the sun). Fig. 2. Campanulate corolla, with 5 epieorollinc stamens anel alternating scales. Fig. 3. Persistent calyx. Fig. 4. Capsule opening trans versely near the base. Fig. 5. Dissepiment anel 2 seeds. Fig. C. Bilocular capsule cut transversely, showing 2 seeds in each locula- ment. Fig. 7. llouuelish compressed seed. Fig. 8. Seeel cut longi tudinally, showing the perisperm with the spirally-rolled-up embryo. Plate XI. Digitalis purpurea, Purple Foxglove, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Scrophulariaceoe. Fig 1. Calyx in 5 deep segments, with the pistil. Fig. 2. Pistil separated. Fig. 3. Dielynamous stamens. Fig. 4. Stamens, with the anther-lobes collateral and unopened. Fig. 5. Capsule cut transversely, showing two loculaments. Plate XII. Myristica moschata, the Nutmeg-tree, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Myristicaceae. Fig. 1. Male plant (nat. size) with oblong ] nearly elliptical leaves, anel flowers in axillary umbellate cymes. Fig. 2. Perianth of male plant laid open to show the stamens with their united filaments. Fig. 3. Anther, bilocular, and opening longitudinally. Fig. 4. Female flower cut open, showing the single pistil, with short style and 2-lobed stigma. Fig. 5. Young fruit. Fig. 6. Ripe elrupaceous fruit in the act of bursting, and showing the mace or arillode. Fig. 7. Section of the ripe fruit. Fig. 8. The nut, consisting of a hard endocarp enclosing the seed. Fig. 9. The oval seed. Fig. 10. The secel cut vertically. Fig. 11. Vertical section of endocarp and seed, showing ruminate perisperm and the embryo. Fig. 12. Embryo, showing 2 large foliaccous plicate cotyleelons. Fig. 13. Embryo with raelicle and cotyledons. Plate XIII. Euphorbia hypericifolia, Tutsan-leaved Spurge, belong ing to the Nat. Ord. Euphorbiacea:. Fig. 1. Plant (nat. size) with opposite oblong leaves, and flowers in corymbose cymes. Fig. 2. Involucre with appendages, enclos ing male and female flowers. Fig. 3. Involucre cut open, to show the insertion of the numerous achlamydcous male monanelrous ilowers, anel the single nakeel female flower, all pedicellated. Fig. 4. Involucre deprived of its petaloid appendages, with female flower showing forked styles. Fig. 5. Involucre enclosing the ripe fruit (rcgnia). Fig. 6. Stamen. Fig. 7. Fruit with one of the cocci separated from the columclla. Fig. 8. Seeel. Fig. 9. Seed cut open, showing ileshy perisperm and inverted embryo. Plate XIV. Artocarpus incisa, the Bread-fruit tree, belonging to the Nat. Orel. Artocarpacere. Fig 1. Branch reduced to -Jrd its natural size, with cuneate-ovate pinnatifid leaves, male ilowers in a club-shaped deciduous catkin, female Ilowers in rounded clusters. Fig. 2. Transverse section of the male amentum with numerous Ilowers. Fig. 3. Male Ilowers. Fig. 4. Single male flower separated, with a perianth in 2 segments anel a single stamen. Fig. 5. Female flowers. Fig. 0. Single female flower separated, with ovary, style, and bilid stigma. Fig. 7. Ovary. Fig. 8. Ovary laid open to show the ovule. Fig. 9. A variety of the ovary with 2 loculaments. Fig. 10. Transverse section of a bilocular ovary. Plate XV. Cycas circinalis, a species of false Sago-plant, belonging to the Nat. Ord. Cycadacecc. Fig. ]. Plant rceluced to -^th its natural size. The leaves are pinnatcly-divided and form a crown round the stem. Fig. 2. Male amentum (nat. size), consisting of scales bearing on their under side 2-valvcel anthers. Fig. 3. Upper&quot; side of one of the scales. Fig. 4. Under side of a scale, bearing anthers. Figs. 5, G, and 7. Anther. Fig. 8. Pollen magnified. Plate XVI. Arum maculatum, Cuckow-pint or Wake Robin, belong ing to tho Nat. Orel. Araccax Fig 1. Flowering stalk, with hastate-sagittate spotteel leaves, and spa the enclosing a spadix bearing male and female flowers. Fig. 2. Amylaceous corm, whence nrisc buds and roots. Fig. 3. Berried fruit, after leaves and spadix have decayed, in an oblong spike, of a bright scarlet- colour.