Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 3.djvu/876

858   BOGHAZ-KEUY, or (i.e., the Village of the Gorge), a small hamlet in Asia Minor, remarkable for its ruins, which are identified with the ancient Pterium or Pteria. It stands 3515 feet above the sea-level, about half-way between Angora and Amassia, almost in the 40th parallel of N. lat., on the banks of a small tributary of the Kizil Irmak. The present village contains about 150 houses, but the remains give evidence of its former import ance. Almost all the heights they occupy bear traces of fortification ; extensive chambers have been excavated in the rocks ; many portions of escarpment are elaborately sculptured ; and the massive foundations of a vast temple or palace can still be traced. The date and origin of these ruins have given rise to much discussion. Dr Barth thinks the city was probably founded by Cyaxares, the Mede, and explains the groups of sculpture as commemorating the peace between Cyaxares and Alyattes, which is described by Herodotus in the 74th chapter of his 1st book, M. Texier s hypothesis, on the other hand, is that the carvings represent the introduction of the worship of Astarte into Phrygia ; and this interpretation has been provisionally accepted by Van Lennep, in whose Travels in Asia Minor, 1870, carefully-drawn copies of the sculptures will be found. (See also Barth, Reisevon Trapezunt nach Scutari, 1860, and in Monatshericht der Bcrl. Akad. der Wisseiisck., Febi, 1859.)  BOGODUKHOFF, a town of Russia, in the government of Kharkoff, about 43 miles N.W. of that city, in 50 10 N. lat. and 36 32 E. long., on the sandstone heights along the River Merl. There seems to have been a settle ment on this site as early as 1571, and in 1681 it is spoken of as a town. In 1709, at the time of the Swedish war, Bogodukhoff was taken by Menschikoff and the Emperor Alexis Petrovitch. There are still remains of the ramparts and ditches with which it was formerly surrounded. The town contains four churches and a cathedral (of the Assumption, built in 1793), a hospital, and an almshouse. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture and gardening, and in the manufacture of boots, caps, and furred gowns. Tanning also is carried on to some extent. The trade is principally in grain, cattle, and fish. There are two weekly markets and six annual fairs. Population in 1860, 10,522.  BOGOMILI, a heretical sect of the Greek Church, who came into notice during the 12th century. In origin they are probably Bulgarian, and their name appears to be a compound of the Slavonic words Bog, God, and milui, have mercy In doctrine they are closely assimilated to the Euchites of the preceding century, and they may be looked on as an offshoot of that older sect. The peculiarity of their system of belief is the place assigned to Satan, who, under his original name Satanael, is held by them to be the first-born son of God But Satanael, though seated at the right hand of his father and endowed with universal sway, was discontented and desired to become independent. He led away a section of the angels from their allegiance, and with their aid formed out of chaos a new world the earth, and a new race man. But he was unable to give to man a portion of his own living spirit, and therefore besought God to bestow life on this new creation, promising that the vacant places of the seceded angels should be filled up by the spirits of men. Repenting of this promise, however, he resolved to bring forth an evil race which should over whelm the good among mankind. He accordingly seduced Eve, who gave birth to Cain, the first of the descendants of the evil principle. His power also enabled him to deceive the greater part of mankind, particularly the Jews, to whom he represented himself as Jehovah. At last God sent out from himself the Logos, or angel Michael, who came upon earth in an ethereal form which was in appear ance only an earthly body. Christ overcame Satanael, and deprived him of his creative power, El, from which lime he is called Satan. Christ then ascended and took his place beside the Father, who again sent forth an emanation, the Holy Ghost, for the comfort and edification of believers. In church observances the Bogomili were equally heterodox. They rejected baptism by water only, and made the cere inony consist of prayer, and of laying on the head of the convert the gospel (probably apocrypbal) of St John, and the hands of the congregation. As they rejected the symbol of water in baptism so they refused to admit such symbolic rites as the Lord s supper, which, they looked upon as an offering to evil spirits. They were averse to all images, even to the cross. The Bogomili suffered persecution from Alexius Comnenus, who put to death their leader Basilius, and they were condemned by a synod of Constantinople in 1140. They lingered on, however, in and about Philippopolis, and opinions nearly identical with theirs are to be met with among the later Catharists. (See the Church Histories of Neander aiid Gieseler.)  BOGOTA, or, the capital of the United States of Colombia, in South America, is situated in the state of Cundinamarca, in 4 6 N. lat. and 78 30 W. long. It occupies a fine position at the base of the mountains La Guadalupe and Montserrato, on a table-land that forms part of the eastern ridge of the Andes, between the extensive valley of the Magdalena and the plains that are watered by part of the Orinoco system. The surround ing country is exceedingly fertile, and produces abundant crops of wheat and barley and the leguminous plants cultivated in Europe. The city of Bogota is the finest in the republic ; its streets are well built, and run at right angles to each other ; and within recent years most of them have been supplied with side pavements. The private houses are built of sun-dried bricks, and white washed ; and owing to the prevalence of earthquakes they are mostly of one story in height. Of the streets the largest and finest is the Calle-Real or Calle de la Republica, which ends in a large square or plaza containing some of the chief buildings in the city. The cathedral, rebuilt in 1814, possesses very little external beauty; but its interior is fitted up with considerable elegance, its ornaments are rich and valuable, and the image of the Virgin, the patron saint, is covered with a profusion of precious stones. There are about thirty other churches in the city, but many of them are in a state of decay, while several of the monastic buildings are appropriated to secular uses, the religious communities having been dissolved by Mosquera, and their revenues devoted in great measure to educational purposes. The convent of San Francisco is of great extent, and contains some of the productions of Vasquez, a native artist of merit. A large and elegant building a capitol, for the reception of Congress and for the various offices of state is now (1875) in course of erection. Besides the university there are three endowed colleges, a school of 