Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 3.djvu/475

Rh BAYONET. See, ..  BAYONNE, probably the ancient Lapurdum, Baiotium civitas, or Baioticum, a first-class fortified city of France, and the capital of an arrondissement, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees. It is well built, and agreeably situated at the confluence of the Nive and Adour, about three miles from the sea, A bar at the mouth of the river, with 13 or 15 feet of water at spring tides and 9 to 11 feet at neaps, formerly prevented large vessels from entering except at high water ; but works have been in progress by which the obstruction will be greatly lessened, if not alto gether removed. The citadel is one of the finest works of Vauban, and the cathedral is a large and elegant Gothic structure of the 12th century. Bayonne is the seat of a bishopric, and has courts of primary jurisdiction and com merce, an exchange, a mint, a theatre, naval and commercial docks, and schools of commerce and navigation, as well as distilleries, sugar-refineries, and glass-works. It is like wise the centre of the 1 3th military division, and possesses one of the finest arsenals in France, and a military hospital for 2000 patients. Its export trade is considerable, par ticularly in grain, wine, fish, chocolate, liqueurs, cream of tartar, hams, rosin, turpentine, and timber. The Nive and Adour divide the town into three r.oarly equal parts, com municating with each other by b idges. Great Bayonne, which lies on the left bank of thj Nive, contains the old castle ; Little Bayonne, where the new castle stands, is situated between the Nive and the Adour ; and Saint Esprit, formerly a suburb, occupies the right bank of the Adour. The last is inhabited almost exclusively by Jews. Bayonne, though often besieged, has never been taken, and is one of the few places that refused to participate in the massacre of St Bartholomew. The last siege was by the English in 1814, and was interrupted by the news of Napoleon s surrender. The bayonet derives its name from this place, where it is said to have been invented. Population in 1872, 26,335.

1em  BAZA (the mediaeval Basticma), a city of Spain in the province of Granada, situated in a fruitful valley in the Sierra Nevada, not far from the river of its own name. In the time of the Moors it was one of the three most important cities in the kingdom of Granada, carrying on an extensive trade, and numbering no fewer than 50,000 inhabitants. It was captured by the Spaniards in 1489 after a seven months siege. The city still contains various remains of Moorish architecture, as well as its ancient church, which had been converted into a mosque ; and in the neighbouring plain have been discovered from time to time numerous relics of antiquity, both Roman and mediaeval. The principal trade of the place is at present in hemp ; its population numbers 7270. It is the birth place of Ribera, the historian of Granada. In 1810 Soult defeated a large Spanish army in the immediate vicinity.  BAZARD,, a French socialist, the founder of a secret political society in France, corresponding to the Carbonari of Italy, and a warm adherent of St Simon, was born at Paris in 1791. He took parb in the defence of Paris in 1815, and afterwards occupied a subordinate situation in the prefecture of the Seine. About the year 1820 he united some patriotic friends into a society, which was called Amis de la Verite. From this was developed a complete system of Carbonarism, the peculiar principles of which were introduced from Italy by two of Bazard s friends. Bazard himself was at the head of the central body, and, while taking a general lead, contributed exten sively to the Carbonarist journal, L Aristarqne. An unsuccessful outbreak at Bel fort ruined the society, and the leaders were compelled to conceal themselves. Bazard, after remaining for some time in obscurity in Paris, came to the conclusion that the ends of those who wished well to the people would be most easily attained, not through political agitation, but by effecting a radical change in their social condition. This train of thinking naturally drew him towards the socialist philosophers of the school of St Simon, whom he joined. He contributed to their journal, Le Producteur ; and in 1828 began to give public lectures on the principles of the school, which were well attended. His most important work, however, was the first volume of the Exposition de la Doctrine de St Simon (2 vols., 1828- 30), by far the best account of that peculiar phase of socialism. The second volume was chiefly by Enfantin, who along with Bazard stood at the head of the society, but who was superior in metaphysical power, and was prone to push his deductions to extremities. The two leaders differed in opinion with regard to the emancipation of women, which Bazard disapproved. An open quarrel took place in 1831, and Bazard found himself almost deserted by the members of the society. He attacked Enfantin violently, and in a warm discussion between them he was struck down by apoplexy. After lingering for a few months he died, on the 29th July 1832.  BÁZÍGARS, a tribe of Indians, inhabiting different parts of the peninsula of Hindustan. They are recognised by several appellations, as Bazigars, Panchpiri, Kuujra, or Nats ; they follow a mode of life distinguishing them from the Hindus, among whom they dwell ; they abstain from intermixing their families with the Hindus, and from any intercourse by which they can be united. They are dis persed throughout the whole of India, partly in wandering tribes, partly adhering to fixed residences, but the greater proportion lead a nomadic life. The Bazigars are divided into seven castes ; but besides those who are united into sects or castes, there are indi viduals who wander about endeavouring to pick up a pre carious livelihood. Although the Bazigars are distinguished by their manners and customs from the natives of Hin di: stan, their features do not certainly discriminate them as a separate race. Some of their women are reputed very beautiful, and are thence sought after in those temporary alliances common in the East. The Bazigars more espe cially distinguished by that name are the most civilized of the whole ; they are Mahometans in food, apparel, and religion. The Panchpiri profess no system of faith, in preference adopting indifferently that of any village whither their wanderings may guide them. Some traverse the country as Mahometan fakirs, and live on the chance bounty of devotees ; and a particular association among them, of bad repute or abject superstition, has been accused of sacrificing human victims. The chief occupation of the Bazigars seems to consist in feats of address and agility to amuse the public, in which both males and females are equally skilful. The former are extremely athletic, and the women are taught dancing, which, instead of the graceful motions seen in the north, consists principally of a display of lascivious gestures. Most of the men are adroit jugglers, tumblers, and actors. Both males and females pursue a sys tematic course of debauchery, so that few live beyond forty, and many do not attain their thirtieth year. From the pursuits of the females being productive to their parents, their marriages are deferred to a later period than is usual in India, The females who do not attend the juggling exhibitions of the men, or their feats of activity, practise physic and cupping, and perform a kind of tattooing on the skin of the Hindus of their own sex, called godnd. The men, besides their usual occupations, collect medical herbs, which are prepared by their wives as curatives, especially of the complaints of their own sex. In this manner, or by the sale of trinkets, they find employment in the towns, 