Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 3.djvu/395

Rh royal persons, and resolved to do what lie could to alleviate their sufferings. In one of his most powerful speeches he maintained the inviolability of the king s person. His public career came to an end with the close of the Con stituent Assembly, and he returned to Grenoble at the beginning of 1792. His sympathy and relations with the royal family, and his desire to check the downward progress of the Revolution, brought on him the suspicion and perse cution of the more violent party. At the end of August 1792 he was arrested and imprisoned, and in November 1793 was transferred to Paris. The nobility of his character was proof against the assaults of suffering. &quot; Better to suffer and to die,&quot; he said, &quot; than lose one shade of my moral and political character.&quot; On November 28 he appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal, in company with Duport-Dutertre, and two days later they both perished by the guillotine.  BARNES,, a theologian of America, specially distinguished as a Biblical expositor, was born at Rome in the state of New York, 1st December 1798, and died at Philadelphia 24th December 1870. In 1820 he graduated at Hamilton College, and in the same year commenced his studies for the ministry at Princeton Theological Seminary. Soon after taking licence he was called to the Presbyterian church in Morristown, New Jersey, from which he was transferred to the pastoral charge of the first Presbyterian church of Philadelphia in 1830. In 1867 he was com pelled to resign owing to failing health. Barnes held a prominent place in the New School branch of the Presbyterians, to which he had adhered on the division of the denomination. He was an eloquent preacher, but his wide-spread reputation rests chiefly on his expository works, which have probably had a larger circulation both in Europe and America than any others of their class. Of the well-known Notes on the Neiv Testament it is said that more than a million volumes had been issued at the time of their author s death. The Notes on Job, the Psalms, Isaiah, and Daniel, found scarcely less acceptance. Dis playing little original critical power, their chief merit lies in the fact that they bring the results of the criticism of others within the reach of general readers. Barnes was the author of several other works of a practical and devo tional kind.  BARNES, an English scholar, born in 1654. In 1695 he was chosen queen s professor of Greek, a language which he wrote and spoke with the utmost facility. One of his first publications was a whimsical tract, entitled Gerania, or a New Discovery of the Little Sort of People called Pygmies. Among his other works are a Life of Edward III., in which he introduces his hero making long and elaborate speeches ; Sacred Poems ; the Life of Oliver Cromwell the Tyrant ; some dramatic pieces ; a poetical paraphrase on the history of Esther, in Greek verse, with a Latin translation, &c. He also published editions of Euripides, Anacreon, and Homer s Iliad and Odyssey, with notes and a Latin translation. He died in 1712.  BARNET, or, a market-town in the county of Hertford, 11 miles from London, on the great northern road. Near it, in 1471, was fought the decisive battle between the houses of York and Lancaster, in which the great earl of Warwick fell. The parish church dates from the 15th century, and the free school was founded by Elizabeth in 1573. The market, held on Monday, is large ; and there are great cattle fairs. In the neighbourhood is the village of East Barnet, with a very ancient church. Population of parish in 1871, 3375.  BARNEVELDT,, Grand Pensionary of Holland, who played a great part and rendered the most eignal services to his country in the long conflict with Philip II. of Spain, was born in 1547. He was a native of Amersfoort in the province of Utrecht, and could boast of a long line of noble ancestors. Endowed with superior abilities, he was educated for the profession of the law, and commenced practice as an advocate at the Hague in 1569. He sympathized deeply with his countrymen in their resolution to throw off the hated yoke of Spain, and served as a volunteer at the sieges of Haarlem and Leyden. In 1575 he married; and in the following year he was appointed to the honourable post of counsellor and chief- pensionary of Rotterdam. In 1585, when, in consequence of the assassination of the sagacious and resolute leader of the Dutch, and the general success of the Spaniards under the Prince of Parma, the cause of the patriots seemed almost hopeless, Barneveldt was chosen head of an embassy to Queen Elizabeth, to ask for her assistance and to offer her the sovereignty of the United Provinces. The queen agreed to give aid both in money and in men, but refused to accept the sovereignty. An expedition was sent under the command of Dudley, earl of Leicester, on whom the Dutch conferred supreme and absolute authority. Barne veldt was then raised to the high office of advocate-gene ral of Holland and West Friesland. Dissatisfied and indignant at Leicester s incompetence, arrogance, and mismanagement, he endeavoured to limit his powers. For this purpose he succeeded in persuading the States to appoint Maurice of Nassau, the young son of the late Prince of Orange, stadtholder and captain-general of Holland and Zealand, thus contributing to place in the highest position the man who was afterwards to become his great antagonist. Leicester was recalled at the close of 1586. In the course of a few years Barneveldt, by his prudence and energy in administration, succeeded in restoring order and materially improving the financial affairs of the States. He proposed to resign in 1592, but at the urgent entreaty of the States retained his post. In 1598 he was sent on an embassy to Henry IV. of France, the object of which was to strengthen and maintain the friendship of France and the United Provinces. In 1603, on the accession of James I. to the throne, Barneveldt was again sent to England as head of an embassy, and in conjunction with the French ambassador, M. de Rosny, afterwards duke of Sully, negotiated an arrangement for further assistance against the Spaniards. In 1607, having first insisted on and obtained a recognition of the independence of the Provinces, he began negotiations with Spain with a view to establish a truce. He had to contend against the opposition of the stadtholder and the army, and to suffer from unmerited popular suspicions of taking bribes from the Spanish court. But he triumphed over all difficulties, and on April 9, 1609, the famous twelve years truce was concluded. From this time Maurice was his sworn foe. The two men were leaders of two great political parties, and the struggle between them was embittered by the admixture of theological and ecclesiastical controversy. In the strife then going on between the Gomarites (the Calvinistic party) and the Arminians, Maurice sided with the former, while Barneveldt supported the latter. Maurice was aiming at the sovereign power ; Barneveldt resolutely maintained the freedom of the republic. The clerical party, who looked up to Prince Maurice as their chief, were bent on getting the Calvinistic system established as the state religion, and on refusing to tolerate any other system; Barneveldt and the ArmtnianB contended that each province should be free to adopt the form which it preferred. Barneveldt was the consistent champion of the supremacy of the civil authority, and &quot; the prime minister of Protestantism &quot; (Motley). The con vocation of a National Synod was proposed by the party of the stadtholder and resisted by Barneveldt. When dis turbances broke out against the Arminians, Maurice refused 