Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 3.djvu/261

Rh   BAILY,, a distinguished sculptor, was born at Bristol, 10th March 1788, and died at Lon don, 22d May 1867. His father, who was a ship-carver of great repute, destined him for a commercial life, but even at school the boy showed his natural taste and re markable talents by producing numerous wax models and busts of his schoolfellows, and afterwards, when placed in a mercantile house, still carried on his favourite employ ment. Two Homeric studies, executed for a friend, were shown to Flaxman, who bestowed on them such high com mendation, that in 1807 Baily came to London and placed himself as a pupil under the great sculptor. In 1811 he gained the Academy gold medal for a model of Hercules restoring Alcestis toAdmetus,an& soon after exhibited Apollo discharging his arrows against the Greeks, and Hercules casting Lichas into the sea. In 1821 he was elected R.A., and exhibited one of his best pieces, Eve. He was for many years engaged in lucrative employment as modeller for Messrs Rundell & Co. and Messrs Storr & Mortimer. He was also entrusted with the carving of the bas-reliefs on the south side of the Marble Arch at Hyde Park. Besides numerous busts and statues, such as those of Nelson on the Monument, of Earl Grey, of Lord Mansfield, and others, his finest pieces are, Eve at the Fountain, Eve listening to thz Voice, Maternal Affection, Girl preparing for the Bath, and the Graces.  BAILY,, an English astronomer, was born in Berkshire in the year 1774, and for many years carried on business as a stockbroker in London. While amassing a large fortune by his business, he applied the profound mathe matical knowledge for which he was distinguished to the doctrine of probabilities, and published several interesting works on that subject, as, Tables for the Purchasing and Renewing of Leases, The Doctrine of Interest and Annui ties, The Dxtrins of Annuities and Assurances, &amp;lt;tc. In 1820 he was one of the original and most active promoters of the Astronomical Society ; and on his retirement from business in 1825, he entered with the utmost energy upon the cultivation of astronomy and the kindred sciences. He gave the Nautical Almanac its present form and intro duced other improvements ; he took an active part in the investigation of the effects of the atmosphere on pendulum experiments ; he aided in the repetition of the experiment of Cavendish on the specific gravity of the earth ; he super intended the publication of the Astronomical Society s catalogue of the fixed stars ; and the revision of the annual catalogues in the 13th volume of the Society s Memoirs was entirely his work. On his recommendation the Bri tish Association undertook the republication of the Histoire Celeste of Lalande, combined with Lacaille s catalogue, which together contain no less than 57,000 stars; and there is reason to believe that he took an important part in the investigation of the course of the tidal wave in the Atlantic. His Account of the Rev. John Flamsteed, First Astronomer-Royal, 1835, a work of great ability and re search, excited much discussion from the disclosures it made relative to the character of Sir Isaac Newton. Baily was extremely patient and methodical, and these qualities enabled him to effect, in the last twenty years of his career, a greater number of researches than most other philosophers have accomplished during a whole lifetime. He died August 30, 1841.  BAINBRIDGE,, physician and astronomer, was born at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, in Leicestershire, in the year 1582. He taught a grammar school for some years, and practised physic, employing his leisure hours in astronomy, which was his favourite study. After removing to London he was admitted a Fellow of the College of Physicians, and gained considerable reputation by his de scription of the comet in 1618. The next year Sir Henry Savile appointed Bainbridge his first professor of astronomy at Oxford ; and the masters and fellows of Merton College made him first junior, and then superior, reader of Lin- acre s lecture. He died in 1643. His published works are 1. An Astronomical Description of the late Comet, Lond. 1619. 2. Prodi Sphaera, 1620. 3. Canicularia; a Treatise concerning the Canicular Days, Oxford, 1648. Several of his unpublished writings exist in manuscript in the library of Trinity College, Dublin.  BAINES,, for many years, proprietor and editor of the Leeds Mercury, and M.P. for Leeds from 1834 to 1841, was born in 1774 at Walton-le-Dale, a village dis tant a little way from Preston, in Lancashire. He was educated at the grammar schools of Hawkshead and Preston, and at the age of sixteen was apprenticed to a printer in the latter town. After remaining there four years and a half he removed to Leeds, finished his appren ticeship, and at once started in business for himself. He was always a most assiduous student, and quickly became known as a man of great practical shrewdness and ability, who took a keen interest in political and social movements. His liberal opinions in politics led him to sympathise with the dissenting party in church affairs, and it was not long before he joined the body of Independents. In 1801 the assistance of friends among the members of that party enabled him to purchase the copyright of the Leeds Mer cury. Provincial newspapers did not at that time possess much influence ; the editorial province was not extended to the composition of what are now called leading articles, and the system of reporting was defective. In both respects Baines made a complete change in the Mercury. The ability of his political articles gradually caused the paper to be looked upon as the organ of Liberal opinion in Leeds, and it contributed not a little to. the spread of sound doc trines on practical questions in the north of England. At the same time his watchful care secured the efficiency of the minor departments. Baines soon began to take a more prominent part in politics ; he was an ardent advo cate of parliamentary reform, and it was mainly by his influence that Macaulay was returned for Leeds in 1832. In 1834, when a vacancy was caused by Macaulay s accept ance of an Indian appointment, Baines was proposed as a candidate, and was returned after a sharp contest. He was re-elected in 1835 and 1837, but was obliged to resign from ill health in 1841. He was noted in Parliament as a judicious supporter of the Liberal party, but with independent views. He strongly advocated the sepa ration of church and state, and opposed Government interference in national education. His letters to Lord John Russell on the latter question (1846) had a powerful influence in determining the action of the Government. He died in 1848. In the midst of his active life he had found time for literary work. His best known writings are: The History, Directory, and Gazetteer of the County of York ; History, Directory, and Gazetteer of the County of Lancaster ; History of the County Pala tine and Duchy of Lancaster. He was also the author of a History of the Wars of Napoleon, which was con tinued under the title of A History of the Reign of George III. His Life (1861) has been written by his son, Edward Baines, jun., for some time editor, and still (1875) one of the proprietors, of the Leeds Mercury, and well known by his histories of the cotton and woollen manufactures of Great Britain.  BAINES,, eldest son of the above, was born in 1799, and died in 1860. He was educated at Cambridge, and entered the bar. In 1837 he was made 