Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 3.djvu/243

Rh years were a striking feature of Baden-Baden, are now abolished. The only building of much antiquarian interest, with the exception of the castles, is the, which dates from the 15th century, and contains the tombs of several of the margraves. There is a  a short distance to the east of Leopoldsplatz, and not far off a small  ; while on the Michaelsberg is the , with its gilded dome, which was erected over the, tomb of the n prince, , who died at Baden in 1863.  The of Baden were known to the, and the foundation of the town is referred to the by an inscription of somewhat doubtful authenticity. The name of Aurelia Aquensis was given to it in honour of, in whose reign it would seem to have been well known. Fragments of its ancient s are still to be seen, and in 1847 remains of Roman s, well preserved, were discovered just below the New Castle. From the 14th century down to the close of the 17th, Baden was the residence of the s, to whom it gave its name. They first dwelt in the Old Castle, the ruins of which still occupy the summit of a above the town, but in 1479 they removed to the New Castle (still so called), which is situated on the hill-side nearer to the town, and is remarkable for its subterranean s. During the  Baden suffered severely from the various combatants, but especially from the, who pillaged it in 1643, and laid it in ashes in 1688. The margravine Sibylla rebuilt the New Castle in 1697, but the margrave Louis removed to in 1706. Since the beginning of the present century the Government has greatly fostered the growth of the town.  BADEN,, a small in the of, on the , 14 miles N.W. of. It is much frequented on account of its warm medicinal s, which are about 20 in number, and vary in temperature from 98° to 126° About 15,000 persons visit the place annually. , in the first book of his Histories (c. 67), incidentally speaks of it as in modum municipii extructus locus, amæno salubrium aquarum usu frequens; and numerous remains of pillars and inscriptions,, and other antiquities confirm his description. It was destroyed by the and the, but was again frequented during the reign of , though its modern prosperity only dates from the 15th century. For a long time the ship of Baden was in the hands of the, but it was conquered by the in 1415. It was here that the famous disputation of with  and  took place in 1526; and here was held the conference of 1589. In 1714 the peace which put an end to the was concluded at Baden between  and ; and four years afterwards a treaty between, , and  received its name from the town. Resident population, 3412.  BADEN, the chief of a circle in, about 12 miles S. of on the railway to. It is beautifully situated at the mouth of the romantic Helenenthal, near the banks of the, a rapid stream with several waterfalls, and has become a favourite summer resort with the inhabitants of the neighbouring capital. The warm s, which give name to the town, are thirteen in number, and vary in temperature from 72° to 97° Fahr. They rise, for the most part, at the foot of the Calvarienberg, which is composed of. The number of patients is about 8000 annually. The celebrity of Baden dates back to the days of the, who knew it by the name of Aquæ Cetiæ; and remains of their occupation still exist. In 1812 the town suffered severely from a fire, but it has since been elegantly rebuilt. The principal buildings are the church of, the , the , and the. A short distance to the west of the town stands the of, which belongs to members of the imperial family. The only of much importance that is carried on in Baden is the production of -wares; these, especially the s, are of excellent quality. Permanent population, about 6500.  BADGER (Meles), a of Plantigrade, possessing greatly elongated bodies and short limbs, each of the latter furnished with five s, provided at their extremities with long, powerful s, by means of which they form deep s in the earth. The carnassial, which in the s is wholly tuberculate, is in the badgers provided also with a cutting edge, their whole dentition being specially adapted to the partly , partly diet on which they subsist. The badger differs from all other in having the lower  so articulated to the upper, by means of a transverse  firmly locked into a long cavity of the cranium, that dislocation of the jaw is all but impossible, and this enables those creatures to maintain their hold with the utmost tenacity. The an badger (Meles Taxus) may be taken as typical of the entire family. It is nowhere abundant, but is found over the entire northern parts of and. It is a quiet, inoffensive, nocturnal and solitary in its habits, sleeping by day in its burrow, and issuing forth at night to feed on roots, -, , the of , some of the smaller quadrupeds, , and. It is said also to dig up the nests of in order to eat the, as the —a closely allied n form—is said to rob the  of their. The male and female are seldom seen together, and are supposed to trace each other by means of the odour of the secretion contained in a glandular pouch beneath the tail. Although the badger does not seek to attack, yet, when driven to bay, its great muscular power and tough hide renders it a formidable antagonist, as was often seen in the days, now happily gone by, when badger-baiting was a favourite amusement of the ry. remains of the badger have been found in this country, apparently contemporaneous with the extinct, , and ; still more ancient remains are said to have been found in the Red Crag of , and should these prove authentic, the European badger, says Professor Owen, &ldquo;will be the oldest known of  now living on the face of the .&rdquo; The American badger (Meles Labradorica) is a native of  and , and in its habits closely resembles the former species; it seems, however, to be more carnivorous. According to Gray, several species inhabit the southern parts of. When badgers were more abundant than they now are, their skins dressed, with the hair attached, were commonly used for. They are now chiefly valued for the hair, that of the European badger being used in the manufacture of the best shaving-brushes, while the softer hair of the American species is employed for the same purpose, and also for. 5197 skins of the American badger were imported into London during 1873.  BADIA Y LEBLICH,, a celebrated traveller, better known under his assumed name of Ali Bey, was born in  in the year 1766. After receiving a liberal education he devoted particular attention to the, and made special preparation otherwise for his Oriental travels. Under the name of Ali Bey and in Mussulman costume, he visited, , , , and , and was received as a person of high rank wherever he appeared. On his return to in 1807 he declared himself a, and was made Intendant, first of , and afterwards of. When the were driven from, Badia was compelled to take refuge in , and there, in 1814, published an