Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 3.djvu/241

Rh 's earth. The duchy was formerly dependent on for its  supply, but extensive  works have for a number of years been maintained by the Government at  and. In 1874 the amount produced was of the value of 54,880. The mineral s of Baden are very numerous, and have acquired great celebrity,—those of, , , , , and , being the most frequented. The inhabitants of Baden are of various origin,—those to the N. of the being descended from the, and those to the S. from the, while the n plateau derives its name and its population from another race. This distinction is still marked in the manners, the language, and the dress of the different districts. The majority of the people are engaged in and  pursuits, for which much of the country is well adapted. In the s the is particularly fertile, yielding luxuriant crops of, , , , s, es, , , , -root, and ; and even in the more ous parts , , and s are extensively cultivated. There is a considerable extent of land, and the rearing of, , s, and s is largely attended to. The culture of the has recently been increasing, and the s, which are characterised by a mildness of flavour, are in good demand. The s and s supply abundance of s, especially s and s; and the keeping of s is common throughout the country. A greater proportion of Baden than of any other of the South German states is occupied by s. In these the predominant are the  and, but many others, such as the , are well represented. A third, at least, of the annual supply of is exported, the chief consumer being, though of late years s has derived a considerable supply from this source. The s of Baden were formerly very insignificant, but have greatly increased since its accession to the in 1835. They are, however, chiefly confined to and  goods, and the  and  of. The latter industry is principally carried on at,, , , ; has an extensive manufacture of s, and  of s; while  is famous for its production of  and s work. -root is manufactured at  more largely than anywhere else in. ,, and are also important objects of. The inhabitants of the have long been celebrated for their dexterity in the manufacture of wooden ornaments and s, es, s, es, s, &c. Of s alone about 600,000 are made every year. The exports of Baden, which coincide largely with the just mentioned, are of considerable importance, but the bulk of its trade consists in the transit of goods. The country is well furnished with s and s, the greater proportion of the latter being in the hands of the state. A line runs the whole length of the land, for the most part parallel with the, while branches cross obliquely from east to west. The al institutions of Baden are numerous and flourishing, and public instruction is largely subsidised by the Government. There are two, the one at, founded in 1386, and the one at , founded in 1457. The at  numbers 150,000 volumes, and that at  100,000, while there is another of almost equal size at. There are also s at, , , , , , and ; several s; normal schools at , , and , besides upwards of 2000 common schools established throughout the country. There is an institution in for the  and, and one in  for the. The polytechnic school at is among the most efficient institutions of the kind in. The preparatory course extends over three years, and includes, , , special , , , , , and , , &c. The special courses are, , , , , , and -office service, and extend over from one to four years. The family of Baden belong to the  section of the Church, but the majority of the population are. The returns of the of 1871 are as follows:—, 942,560;, 491,008; other sects, 2265; and , 25,703. The district where the preponderance was greatest was, while the s were slightly more numerous in the district of. The of Baden is an hereditary, with the executive power vested in the grand, and the legislative authority in a consisting of two Chambers. The upper Chamber is composed of all the s of the reigning line who are of age, the chiefs of ten noble families, the possessors of hereditary landed estates worth 25,000, the  of, the president of the , a deputy from each of the , and eight nominees of the duke. The lower Chamber consists of 63 representatives, of whom 22 are elected by the es of certain towns, and 41 by the inhabitants of the s. The parliamentary candidate must possess tax-paying property of the value of 10,000 s (833), or derive a salary of at least 125 from a public office. Every, if neither criminal nor , has the right of voting, but only in the choice of -s, by whom the real election of the representatives is decided. The members of the lower House are elected for eight years, and meetings of must take place every two years. The budgets are granted by for a term of two years. In 1875 the ordinary s were rated at 1,572,959, and the ordinary s at 1,557,108. The total on the 1st of January 1874 was 12,985,067. Since the organisation of 1864 courts are held at,, , , and , the supreme court being in the city last named. is also the seat of the central commission for the navigation of the. The family of Baden traces its descent from the s of, who flourished in the 11th century, and derived their title from what is now a little town to the north of. Hermann I., the second son of Count Berthold I., took the title of of  in, and was succeeded in 1074 by his son Hermann II., who was the first to style himself  of Baden. On the death of the Margrave Christopher in 1527, his estates were divided among his three sons, but one of them having died soon after, the two survivors became the sole inheritors, and founded the two lines of Baden- and Baden-. The former of these, which produced one of the most famous s of the 17th century, became extinct by the death of Augustus George in 1771, and its possessions were united with Baden-Durlach under Charles Frederick. By the treaty of in 1801, Baden acquired a considerable addition of territory; in 1803 the  received the title of ; and by the treaty of  in 1805 his domains were still further increased by the accession of. On the dissolution of the empire in 1806, the 