Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/879

Rh Z U R Z U R 829 engagement defeated the Zulu army with great slaughter on the banks of the Blood river, which owes its name to the results of the victory. In 1840 the Boers agreed to support Dingane s brother mPande in rebellion against him. The movement was completely successful, several of Dingane s regiments going over to mPande. Dingane passed into Swaziland in advance of his retreating forces, and was there murdered, while mPande was crowned king of Zulu- land by the Boers, who received in exchange for their services the much-coveted district of Natal. During the next sixteen years of mPande s reign nothing occurred to disturb the peaceful relations between the Zulus and the Natal Government. In 1856 a civil war broke out between two of mPande s sons, Cetshwayo and Umbulazi, who were rival claimants for the succession. A bloody battle was fought between them on the banks of the Tugela in December 1856, in which Umbulazi and many of his followers were slain. The Zulu country continued, however, excited and disturbed, until the Government of Natal in 1861 obtained the formal nomination of a successor to mPande ; and Cetshwayo was appointed. mPande died in October 1872, but practically the government of Zululand had been in Cetshwayo s hands since the victory of 1856, owing both to political circumstances and the failing health of his father. In 1873 the Zulu nation appealed to the Natal Government to pre side over the installation of Cetshwayo as king ; and this request was acceded to. The rule of mPande was in earlier years a severe one, the executions ordered by him being so numerous in 1859 as to evoke remonstrances from Cetshwayo, who warned the king that he would drive all the people over into Natal. In 1856 and for some years afterwards a considerable exodus of refugees did take place into the colony, but by 1871 the tide appeared to be turn ing the other way. In 1854 the native population in Natal was reckoned at from 100,000 to 120,000. By 1873, owing largely to the influx of refugees from Zululand, it had risen to 282,783 ; but five years later it had not increased to more than 290,035, some hundreds of heads of families having returned to Zululand. The encroachments of the Transvaal Boers upon the borders of Zululand having for many years exposed the British Government to urgent appeals on the part of the Zulus for its intervention, a second attempt was made by the Government of Natal, and this time with success, to induce the Boers to submit the boundary disputes between them and their neighbours to arbitration. A commission was appointed, composed of three British officers, who in June 1878 pronounced a decision substantially in favour of the Zulus. But the high commissioner, Sir Bartle Frere, had deter mined upon measures for re-modelling the Zulu nation with a view to the confederation of the South African colonies and states. The invasion of Zululand took place in January 1879, and the war was ended by the capture of the king at the end of August. Cetshwayo having been conveyed to Cape Town, the Zulu country was portioned out among eleven Zulu chiefs, a white adventurer, and a Basuto chief who had done good service in the war. This arrangement was productive of much bloodshed and disturbance, and in 1882 the British Government determined to restore Cetshwayo again to power. In the meantime, however, the deepest blood feuds had been engendered between the chiefs Zibelm and Hamu on the one side and the neighbouring tribes who supported the ex-king and his family on the other. These people suffered severely at the hands of the two chiefs, who were assisted by a band of white free booters. Zibebu, having created a formidable force of well-armed and trained warriors, was left in independence on the borders of Cetshwayo s territory, while the hitter was restrained by the con ditions of his restoration from any military enterprise or defensive measures. A collision very soon took place ; but in the conflicts that followed Zibebu s forces were victorious, and on 22d July 1883, led by a troop of mounted whites, he made a sudden descent upon Cetshwayo s kraal at Ulundi, which he destroyed, massacring such of the inmates of both sexes as could not save themselves by flight. The king escaped, though wounded, into the Reserve, which had been placed under British rule ; there he died in 1884. He left a son, Dinuzulu, who sought the assistance of some of the Transvaal Boers against Zibebu, whom he defeated and drove into the Reserve. These Boers, not a large number, claimed as a stipulated reward for their services the cession of the greater part, and the more valuable part, of central Zululand. The Government of Natal has recently attempted to mediate on behalf of the Zulus and has accepted on their behalf, in spite of their protests, a line which roughly divides central Zululand into two equal portions. Of these the north western has been created into the independent Boer state already mentioned. The rest of central Zululand is administered, with the Reserve, as a British protectorate. See John Chase, A Reprint of Authentic Documents relating to Nata.1 fGraliams- town, 18-13); Saxe Bannister, Jhimane Policy (London, 1830), and authorities collected in Appendix ; Delegor&amp;lt;, ue, Voyage ile VAfrique Australe (Paris, 1847) ; Allen Francis Gardiner, Narrative of a Journey to the Zoolu Country (London, 1836); Leslie, Among the Zulus (Edinburgh, 1875); Bishop Colenso. Extracts from tin: Hlue ttools or Digest upon Zulu Affairs (in the British Museum); Cetshwayo s Dutchman (London, 1880) ; Frances Colenso, The Ruin o) Zululand (London, 1S84) ; R. N. Cust, Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa (London, 1S83). See also authorities cited under NATAL. (F. E. C.-A. II. K ) ZURBARAN, FRANCISCO (1598-1662), a distinguished Spanish painter, was born at Fuente de Cantos in Estremadura on 7th November 1598. His father was named Luis Zurbaran, a country labourer, his mother Isabel Marquet. The lot apparently marked out for Francisco was that of tilling the ground, like his father; but his natural faculty had decided otherwise. In mere childhood he set about imitating objects with charcoal ; and his father was quick-witted and long-headed enough to take him off, still extremely young, to the school of Juan de Roelas in Seville. Francisco soon became the best pupil in the studio of Roelas, surpassing the master himself ; and before leaving him he had achieved a solid reputation, full though Seville then was of able painters. He may prob ably have had here the opportunity of copying some of the paintings of Michelangelo da Caravaggio; at any rate he gained the name of &quot;the Spanish Caravaggio,&quot; owing to the very forcible realistic style in which he excelled. He constantly painted direct from nature, following but occasionally improving on his model ; and he made great use of the lay-figure in the study of draperies, in which he was peculiarly proficient. He had a special gift for white draperies; and, as a natural consequence, Carthusian monks are abundant in his paintings. To these rigidly faithful methods of work Zurbaran is said to have adhered through out his career, which was always eminent and prosperous, wholly confined to his native Spain, and varied by few incidents beyond those of his daily laborious and continu ally productive diligence. His subjects were mostly of a severe and ascetic kind, religious vigils, the flesh chastised into subjection to the spirit, the compositions seldom thronged, and often reduced to a single figure. The style is more reserved and chastened than Caravaggio s, the tone of colour often bluish to a morbid excess. Exceptional effects are attained by the precise finish of foregrounds, largely massed out in light and shade. Zurbaran married in Seville Leonor de Jordera, by whom he had several children. Towards 1630 he was appointed painter to Philip IV. ; and there is a story that on one occasion the sovereign laid his hand on the artist s shoulder, saying, &quot; Painter to the king, king of painters.&quot; It was only late in life that Zurbaran made a prolonged stay in Madrid, Seville being the chief scene of his operations. He died in 1662 in Madrid. In 1627 he painted the great altarpiece of St Thomas Aquinas, now in the Seville museum ; it was executed for the church of the college of that saint in the same city. This is Zurbaran s largest composition, containing figures of Christ and the Madonna, various saints, Charles V. with knights, and Archbishop Deza (founder of the college) with monks and servitors, all the principal personages being beyond the size of life ; this work is full of fine portrait-like heads, and it ranks, both in importance and in elevated style, as the painter s masterpiece. It had been preceded by the numerous pictures of the screen of St Peter Nolasco in the cathedral. In the church of Guadalupe he painted various large pictures, eight of which relate to the history of St Jerome, and in the church of St Paul, Seville, a famous figure of the Crucified Saviour, in grisaille, presenting an illusive effect of marble. In 1633 he finished the paintings of the high altar of the Carthusians in Jerez. In the palace of Buenretiro, Madrid, are four large canvases representing the Labours of Hercules, an unusual instance of non-Christian subjects from the hand of Zurbaran. A very fine specimen is in the London National Gallery, a whole-length life-sized figure of a kneeling Franciscan holding a skull (figured m vol. xxi. p. 440, fig. 36). The principal scholars of this master, whose style has as much affinity to that of Ribera as to Caravaggio s, were Bernabe de Ayala and the brothers Polanco. ZURICH (Germ. Zurich), 1 a canton in Switzerland, ranking as the first in dignity. It is of very irregular shape, consisting simply of the conquests made by the city. It extends from the Lake of Zurich to the Rhine, taking in 1 The name is derived from the Celtic diir (water). The true and accurate Latinized form is Turicum, but the false form Tignrnm was given currency to by Glareauus and held its ground from 1512 to 1748.