Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/876

Rh 826 U G Z U L Bacon, Sir Francis Walsingham, Lord High Admiral Howard, and others. A curious full-length portrait of Elizabeth in fancy dress, now at Hampton Court, is attri buted to this painter, though very doubtfully. Another picture in the same collection appears to be a replica of his painting of the Allegory of Calumny, as suggested by Lucian s description of a celebrated work by Apelles ; it was the satire in this directed against some of his courtier enemies which was the immediate cause of the pope s dis pleasure and Federigo s temporary exile from Rome. His success as a painter of portraits and other works in oil was more reasonable than the admiration expressed for his colossal frescos. A portrait of a Man with Two Dogs in the Pitti Palace at Florence is a work of some real merit, as is also the Dead Christ and Angels in the Borghese Gallery in Rome. After a short exile Federigo was pardoned by the pope and recalled to Rome to finish his work on the vault of the Pauline chapel. In 1585 he was invited by Philip II. of Spain to decorate the new Escorial at a yearly salary of 2000 crowns. He accepted this offer, and worked at the Escorial from January 1586 to the end of 1588, when he returned to Rome. He there founded in 1595, under a charter confirmed by Sixtus V., the Academy of St Luke, of which he was the first president. This is still the chief academy of painters in Italy, and its organization suggested to Sir Joshua Reynolds his scheme for founding the English Royal Academy. Federigo, like his contemporary Giorgio Vasari, aimed at being an art critic and historian as well as a practical artist, but with very different success. His chief book, L Ideci de Pittori, Scultori, ed Arckitetti (Turin, 1607), is a senseless mass of the most turgid bombast. Little can be said in praise of his smaller works, consisting of two volumes printed at Bologna in 1608, describing his visit to Parma and a journey through central Italy. Federigo was raised to the rank of a cavaliere not long before his death, which took place at Ancona in 1609. For both Taddeo and Federigo Zuccaro, see Vasari, pt. iii., and Lanzi, Storia, PMorica, Roman School, epoch iii. (J. H. M. ) ZUG, 1 a canton of Switzerland, ranking as eighth in the Confederation. It includes the districts round the Lake of Egeri and on both shores of the northern half of the Lake of Zug, and is the smallest undivided canton both in area and in population. Its total area is 92 - 3 square miles, 75 of which are classed as productive (forests 12 - 5), while of the rest 13 are covered with lakes. The highest point in the canton is the Wildspitz (5191 feet), the culminating peak of the Rossberg ridge. The popu lation was 22,994 in 1880, an increase of 2001 on that of 1870, the numbers of men and women being nearly equal. German is the native tongue of 22,592, and 21,734 are Roman Catholics. Till 1814 Zug was in the diocese of Constance, but on the reconstruction of the diocese of Basel in 1828 it was assigned to it. The capital is Zug (4924 inhabitants in 1880); Baar has a population of 3896 The territory of Zug is very fertile and the population mainly agricultural. Cattle and fruit are among the chief articles of export, much cider and &quot; kirschwasser &quot; being manufactured. The town of Zug is connected by railway with Lucerne and Zurich, and a railway is planned to Arth, which will connect Zug directly with the St Gott- Lard line. On 5th July 1887 a landslip carried the houses of a small portion of the capital, as in 1435, into the lake. The town of Zug is first mentioned in 1255. In 1273 it was bought by Rudolph of Hapsburg from Anna, the heiress of Kyburg and wife of Eberhard, head of the cadet line of Hapsburg ; and in 1278 part of its territory (the valley of Egeri) was pledged by Rudolph as security for a portion of the marriage gift he promised to Joanna, daughter of Edward I. of England, betrothed to Hart- 1 Its name has been rather fancifully derived from &quot; fischzug,&quot; mean ing a &quot;haul offish.&quot; mann (Rudolph s son), whose death in 1281 prevented the marriage taking place. The town of Zug was governed by a mayor, appointed by the Hapsburgs, and a council, and was much favoured by that family. Several country districts (Baar, Menzingen, and Egeri) had each its own &quot; landsgemeinde,&quot; but were governed by one bailiff, also appointed by the Hapsburgs ; these were known as the &quot;Ausser Amt,&quot; and were always favourably disposed to the Con federates. Duke Leopold of Austria was defeated on 15th November 1315 by the Confederates at Morgarten Pass, in the territory of Zug (see SWITZERLAND, vol. xxii. p. 783 sq.). On 27th January 1352 both the town of Zug and the Ausser Amt entered the Confedera tion, the latter being received on exactly the same terms as the town (and not, as was usual in the case of country districts, as a subject land) ; but in September 1352 Zug had to acknowledge its own lords again, and in 1355 to break off its connexion with the League. But about 1364 the town and the Ausser Amt were re covered for the League by the men of Schwyz, and from this time Zug took part as a full member in all the acts of the League. In 1379 the emperor Wenceslaus exempted Zug from all external juris dictions ; in 1389 the Hapsburgs renounced their claims, reserving only (in the treaty of 1394) an annual payment of twenty silver marks, which came to an end in 1415. In 1400 Wenceslaus gave all criminal jurisdiction to the town only. The Ausser Amt then, in 1404, claimed that the banner and seal of Zug should be kept in one of the country districts, and were supported in this claim by Schwyz. The matter was finally settled by arbitration : the banner, &c., was to be kept in the town (access being allowed to the others), whilst the Ausser Amt was fined and Schwyz also. Finally in 1415 the right of electing their landammann was given to Zug by the Confederates, and a share in the criminal jurisdiction was granted to the Ausser Amt bySigismund. In 1385 Zug joined the league of the Swabian cities against Leopold and shared in the victory of Sempach (9th July 1386), as well as in the various Argo- vian (1415) and Thurgovian (1460) conquests of the Confederates, and later in those in Italy (1512), having already taken part in the occupation of the Yal d Ossola (1410-14, 1417-22). Between 1379 and 1470 Zug had acquired various districts in her own neighbourhood, which were ruled till 1778 by the town and the Ausser Amt as subject lands. At the time of the Reformation Zug clung to the old faith and was a member of&quot; the &quot;Christliche Vereinigung&quot; of 1529. In 1586 Zug became a member of the Golden League. From 1729 to 1736 the canton was distracted by violent disputes as to the distribution of the French pensions. In 1798 it opposed the French, formed part of the Tellgau, and later one of the districts of the canton of the Waldstatten (of which in 1799 it became the capital) in the Helvetic republic. In 1803 it regained its independence as a sepa rate canton, and by the constitution of 1815 the &quot;landsgemeinde&quot; or assembly of all the citizens (existing for both districts since 1352) became a body of electors to choose a cantonal council. The reform movement of 1830 did not affect the canton, which in 1843 was a member of the Sonderbund and shared in the war of 1847. Both in 1848 and in 1874 it voted against the acceptance of the Federal constitutions. In 1848 the remaining functions of the &quot;lands gemeinde &quot; were abolished by the Liberals. Its present constitu tion dates from 1873-76, and was amended in 1881. There is a legislature of seventy-three members, fifty-eight (one to every 400 inhabitants) elected in the communes and fifteen by the whole population, both classes holding office for three years ; the execu tive, of seven members, is elected by the communes for three years. By the &quot;facultative or optional referendum,&quot; in case of a demand by one-third of the members of the legislative assembly or by 500 citizens any law, and any resolution involving a capital expendi ture of 40,000 or an annual one of 10,000 francs, must be submitted to a direct popular vote. ZULLA, as Salt writes the name, or Z{)LA (Thulla, Dola), as it is also written, is a village near the head of Annesley Bay on the African coast of the Red Sea. It derives its only interest from ruins in its vicinity which are generally supposed to mark the site of the ancient em porium of Adulis (&quot;ASoi&amp;gt;Ais, ASovXfi), the port of Axum and chief outlet in the early centuries of our era for the ivory, hides, slaves, and other exports of the interior. Cosmas Indicopleustes saw here an inscription of Ptolemy Euergetes (247-222 B.C.) ; and hence, as the earliest men tion of Adulis is found in the geographers of the first cen tury after Christ, it is conjectured that the town must have previously existed under another name and may have been the Berenice Panchrysus of the Ptolemies. The ruins in question, which are not very extensive or remarkable, are described by Riippel, Seise in Alyssinien, i. 266 (1838); see also Rohlfs in Zeitschr. d. Geselt. /. Erdkunde in Berlin,