Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/834

Rh 784 Z H I Z I N states (Inst. Oral., xii. 10, 4) that in respect of largeness of form Zeuxis had followed Homer, while there is the fact that he had inscribed two verses of the Iliad (iii. 156 sq.) under his figure of Helena. As models for the picture he was allowed the presence of five of the most beautiful maidens of Croton at his own request, in order that he might be able to &quot; transfer the truth of life to a mute image.&quot; Cicero (De Invent., ii. 1, 1) assumed that Zeuxis had found distributed among these five the various elements that went to make up a figure of ideal beauty. It should not, however, be understood that the painter had made up his figure by the process of combining the good points of various models, but rather that he found among those models the points that answered to the ideal Helena in his own mind, and that he merely required the models to guide and correct himself by during the process of transferring his ideal to form and colour. This picture also is said to have been exhibited publicly, with the result that Zeuxis made much profit out of it. By this and other means, we are told, he became so rich as to rather give away his pictures than to sell them. He presented his Alcmena to the Agrigentines, his Pan to King Arche- laus of Macedonia, whose palace he is also said to have decorated with paintings. According to Pliny (N. //., xxxv. 62), he made an ostentatious display of his wealth at Olympia in having his name woven in letters of gold on his dress. But, as there would not be much ostenta tion in that, and as Pliny at times makes mistakes in translating from his Greek sources, it is possible that Zeuxis may merely have presented some piece of tapestry to a temple at Olympia with the customary inscription woven in letters of gold. Under his picture of an Athlete (12) he wrote that &quot;It is easier to revile than to rival&quot; (fji(D[jM]&amp;lt;TTai Tt? /xaAAov T) //.i/^creTai). A contemporary, Isocrates (De Permut., 2), remarks that no one would say that Zeuxis and Parrhasius had the same profession as those persons who paint pinakia, which is equivalent to the vase-painters of the time. We possess many examples of the vase-painting of the period circa 400 B.C., and it is noticeable on them that there is great freedom and facility in drawing the human form, so as to suggest roundness and perspective. In the absence of fresco paintings of that date we have only these vases to fall back upon. Yet, with their limited resources of colour and perspective, they in a measure show the influence of Zeuxis, while, as would be expected, they retain perhaps more of the large ness of form of older times. It is said that he died of laughter at the quaintness of a picture he had painted of an Old Woman. ZHITOMIR, or JITOMIR, a town of western Russia, capital of the government of Yolhynia, is situated on the Tetereff river, 646 miles to the south-west of Moscow. The railway which connects Riga and Konigsberg with Odessa, via Berditcheff, passes within 27 miles of the old Lithuanian city without sending a branch towards it ; and the whole place, with its old abandoned mansions of the Polish nobility, has an air of decay. Nor is it rich in historical monuments of its troubled past, its churches and cathedral mostly dating from the 18th century. Its popu lation, however, reached 54,830 in 1884, Jews constitut ing more than one-third of the total. Two large printing offices in Zhitomir issue nearly one-half of all the Hebrew books printed in Russia. The Jewish merchants carry on a considerable export trade in the agricultural produce of the plains surrounding the city, as also in timber and wooden wares from the forests to the north. Zhitomir is a very old city, tradition tracing its foundation as far back as the times of Askold and Dir. The annals, however, men tion it chiefly in connexion with invasions of the Tartars, who plundered it in the 13th, 14th, and even the 17th century (1606), or in connexion with destructive conflagrations. It fell under Lithuanian rule in 1320, and during the 15th century was one of the fifteen chief cities of the kingdom. Later on it became part of Poland, and when the Cossacks rose under Khmelnitsky (1648) they sacked the town. It became annexed to Russia along with the rest of the Ukraine. ZIMMERMANN, JOHANN GEORG, RITTER VON (1728- 1795), a Swiss philosophical writer and physician, was born at Brugg, in the canton of Aargau, on 8th December 1728. He studied at Gottingen, where he took the degree of doctor of medicine. Afterwards he practised as a physician in his native place, and here he wrote Ueber die Einsamkeit (1755) and Vom Nationalstolz (1758). These books made a great impression in Germany, and were translated into almost every European language. They are now only of historical interest. In Zimmermann s character there was a strange combination of sentimentalism, melancholy, and enthusiasm ; and it was by the free and eccentric expres sion of these qualities that he excited the interest of his contemporaries,, Another book by him, written at Brugg, Von der Erfahrung in der Arzneiwissenschaft (1764), also attracted much attention. In 1768 he settled at Hanover as private physician of George III. with the title of Hof rath. Catherine II. invited him to the court of St Petersburg, but this invitation he declined. He attended Frederick the Great during that monarch s last illness, and afterwards issued various books about him, of which the chief were Ueber Frederick den Grossen und meine Unterredung mit Him kurz vor seinem Tode (1788) and Fragmente iiber Friedrich den Grossen (1790). These writings display extraordinary personal vanity, and convey a wholly false impression of Frederick s character. Zimmermann died at Hanover on 7th October 1795. See Zimmermann s Brief e an einige seiner Freunde in der Schweiz (1830) and Bodemann s Johann Georg Zimmermann (1878). ZINC, the name both of an important useful metal and of the element of which the metal consists. Zinc as a component of brass had currency in metallurgy long before it became known as an individual metal. Aristotle refers to the alleged fact that the Mossinecians produced a bright and light-coloured ^aAKos, not by addition of tin, but by fusing up with an earth. Pliny explicitly speaks of a mineral cadmia as serving for the conversion of copper into aurichalcum, and says further that the deposit (of ZnO) formed in the brass furnaces could be used instead of the mineral. The same process was used for centuries after Pliny, but its rationale was not understood. Stahl, as late as 1702, quoted the formation of brass as a case of the union of a metal with an earth into a metallic compound ; but he subsequently adopted the view propounded by Kunkel in 1677, that cadmia is a metallic calx, and that it dyes the copper yellow by giving its metal up to it. In 1597 Libavius described a &quot;peculiar kind of tin&quot; which was prepared in India, and of which a friend had given him a quantity. From his account it is quite clear that that metal was zinc, but he did not recognize it as the metal of calamine. It is not known to whom the discovery of isolated zinc is due; but we do know that the art of zinc-smelting was practised in England from about 1730. The first Continental zinc-works were erected at Liege in 1807. The atomic weight of zinc is 65 37 (the mean of the results obtained by Marignac and Baubigny), O = 16. Zinc Ores. The following may be named as important. (1) Red Zinc Ore (impure ZnO) occurs in quartz-like crystals, but more frequently presents itself in large-grained and lamellar masses. Sp. gr. 5 4 to 57. Colour, hyacinth-red to brown. Lustre, adamantine. (2) FranUinite (RO.M 2 S, where R stands for Zn, Fe, Mn ; M for Fe, Mn). The zinc averages about 10 per cent. It crystallizes in regular octahedra, with rounded-off edges and angles. Sp. gr. 5-1. Colour, black ; streak, reddish-brown. Lustre, sub-metallic. This and the preceding occur in association with each other and other things in New Jersey, U.S. (3) Calamine (ZnC0 3 ). The pure mineral (zinc spar) forms well-