Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/810

760 MAYA GROUP. Huasteca, Vera Cruz and Tamaulipas ; Totmiac(?), north part of Vera Cruz ; Maya proper, throughout Yucatan ; Choi (Cholti, Colchi), between the Salinas and Mondaguas rivers, Gua temala ; Mopan, north of the Chols ; Chontal, Tabasco, distinct from the Nicaraguan Chontales ; Tzental (Cendal), Ocosingo dis trict, Chiapas ; Tzotzil (Zotzil, Zotzlem), San Cristobal, Chiapas ; Chanabal, Comitan district, Chiapas. QUICKC GROUP. Cakchiquel (Kacchikil), Tecpan to Sta Lucia and the Pacific ; Tzutujil (Sotojil, Zutuhil), Aitlan district, Guate mala ; Quiche proper (Kiche, Utatlica), Cunen and Rabinal districts, and thence south-west to the Pacific, Guatemala ; Uspanteca, San Miguel Uspantan, Guatemala. POCONCHI GROUP. Poconchi proper (Pokomchi, Pacomchi), Tac tic district, Guatemala ; Quckchi (Caechi, Aquacateca), Coban dis trict, Guatemala ; Chorti (Lenguaapay), Zacapa and Chichimula, and thence eastwards to Honduras ; Pokomam, Jalapa, and thence to San Salvador. MAME GROUP. Maine proper (Mem, Zakloh-pakap), throughout south-western Guatemala ; Ixil, Cotzal district, Guatemala ; Agua- catecas (Sinca, Xinca), throughout south-eastern Guatemala ; Ala- giulac (?), San Cristobal, Chiapas. Modern Yucatan is still almost entirely inhabited by the same Maya inhabit- race that was found in possession of the land at the time of the ants. discovery. About five-sixths of the population are of nearly pure Maya stock and speech, the Spanish and mestizo elements being mostly confined to the large towns. The mestizos are said to be the handsomest on the continent, while the full-blood natives are perhaps the least characteristic of all the aboriginal populations. They have the coarse black and straight hair, the arched nose, and the reddish-brown complexion common to most of the primitive in habitants of America. But they can be readily distinguished from all of them by their regular features, low cheek-bones, small mouth and ears, straight jaws, frank expression, and a certain air of refine ment betraying descent from a highly cultured people. &quot; It would be difficult,&quot; says Charnay, &quot;to find among the rural classes of Europe men of a better build, or with more intelligent and open countenances.&quot; Although generally peaceful, patient under oppres sion, and even somewhat indolent, their history since the conquest (1547) has not been wholly uneventful. After more than two centuries of passive resistance, there was a general revolt in 1761, brought about by the intolerable misrule of the Spanish adminis tration. The declaration of independence (1821) was followed in 1824 by the union with the Mexican confederacy, which continued without interruption till 1840. In that year an independent re public was set up in Yucatan, which, however, was suppressed in 1843. Then came the general uprising of the natives in 1846, when Mexico was engaged in a disastrous war with the United States. To quell the revolt, the ruling classes were obliged to call in the aid of the Mexicans (1847-53), whereby the peninsula again lost its autonomy, and was divided (1861) into the two federal states of Yucatan and Campeche. But the rebellion was not entirely suppressed, and many of the natives, withdrawing eastwards to the coast-lands beyond the Sierra Alta, have hitherto defied all the efforts of the authorities to reduce them. Bibliography. D. L. Cogolludo, Historia de Yiicathan, Madrid, 1C88 ; Diego de Landa, Relation de las Cosas de Yucatan, ed. by Br. de Bourbourg, Paris, 1864 ; Brasseur de Bourbourg, Hist, des, Nations Civilisees du Mexiqve et de I Amerique Centrale, Paris, 1857-59, and Etudes sur le Systeme Graphique et la Lnngue des Mayas, Paris, 1869-70 ; Lord Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico, London, 1831-48 (vols. ii. and iii.) ; H. H. Bancroft, Native Races of the Pacific States, New York, 1875, and Hist, of the Pacific States (vols. iv. and v.), San Francisco and London, 1882-87 ; J. L. Stephens, Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, new edition, New York, 1858 ; E. G. Squier, Travels in Central America, New York, 1853, and Notes on Central America, New York, 1855; J. D. Baldwin, Ancient America, New York, 1872 ; Marquis de Nadaillac, Prehistoric America, London, 1885; Desire Charnay, The Ancient Cities of the New World, London, 1887 ; F. A. Ober, Travels in Mexico (bk. i., Yucatan), Boston, 18S4 ; A. P. ftlaudslay, &quot; Exploration, &c., of Copan,&quot; in Proc. Rov. Geoqr. Soc., September, 1886 ; E. S. Holden, &quot;Studies in Central-American Picture-Writing,&quot; in Annual Report of Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1879-80. (A. H. K.)  YUCCA, a genus of the order Liliacese, the species of which are remarkable for their stately appearance and generally magnificent inflorescence. They occur in greatest frequency in Mexico and the south-western States of the American Union, extending also into Central America, and occurring in such numbers in some places as to form &quot;straggling forests.&quot; They have a woody or fibrous stem, sometimes short, and in other cases, even in the same species, attaining a height of 15 to 20 feet, and branching at the top into a series of forks. The leaves are crowded in tufts at the ends of the stem or branches and are generally stiff and sword-shaped, with a sharp point, sometimes flaccid and in other cases fibrous at the edges. The numerous flowers are usually white, bell-shaped, and pendulous, and are borne in much-branched terminal panicles. Each flower consists of a perianth of six regular pieces, as many hypogynous stamens, with dilated filaments, bearing rela tively small anthers. The three-celled ovary is surmounted by a short thick style, dividing above into three stigmas, and ripens into a succulent berry in some of the species, and into a dry three-valved capsule in others. The flowers are fertilized by the agency of moths. A coarse fibre is obtained by the Mexicans from the stem and foliage, which they utilize for cordage. The succulent fruits, which resemble small bananas, are cooked as an article of diet ; and the roots contain a saponaceous matter used in place of soap. Most of the species are hardy in Great Britain, and their striking appearance renders them attractive in gardens even when not in flower. Their rigid foliage, invested by thick epidermis, also enables them to resist the noxious air of towns better than most plants. A popular name for the plant is &quot; Adam s needle.&quot; The species which split up at the margins of their leaves into filaments are called &quot;Eve s thread.&quot;  YUN-NAN. See,.  YUN-NAN FU, the capital of the of, is situated in 25° 6′N. and 102° 52′E. Originally the district surrounding Yun-nan Fu was known as the “land of the southern barbarians.” The, which under different has borne different , is situated on a , and is surrounded by well- , 6 in circuit. Marco Polo describes it, under the of Yachi, as “a very great and noble, in which are numerous  and. The people are of sundry kinds, for there are not only and  but also a few. They have and  in plenty.... Their  is... certain  that are found in the .” For many   have been very numerous in the  and neighbourhood; and in  a  took place within the. Yun-nan Fu has a prosperous and busy aspect: the s are large and well supplied with native en goods,, &c., while , n , and  from  constitute the main. for large numbers of workpeople is found in the. A local at Yun-nan Fu issued annually 101,000,000  before the outbreak of  in. The of the  is estimated at about 200,000.  YVETOT, a town of France, chef-lieu of an arrondisse- ment in the department of Seine-Inferieure, stands on the plateau of Caux, 24 miles north-west of llouen on the railway to Havre, and is chiefly known from Beranger s famous song. Calicoes, tickings, Siamese, rouennerie cotton, reps, and handkerchiefs are made here, as in most places in the department, and a trade is carried on in wool. The church is ugly, but contains a marble altar from the Car thusian monastery at lloaen, some fine woodwork from the abbey of St Wandrille, and an elegant pulpit. The remains of a Bernardino monastery are occupied in part by the court and jail. The hospital and seminary are both modern. The population was 7625 (commune 8397) in 1881 and 7333 (commune 7972) in 1886.

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