Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/719

Rh W O K W O K 677 steel plates. The value of the imports of foreign and colonial merchandise in 1882 was 57,512, but since then it has declined, and was only 18,282 in 1885, and 27,448 in 1886. A considerable proportion of the im ports are, however, from the ports of the United Kingdom, the principal items being iron-ore and moulding-sand. In the neighbourhood there are large collieries, but the chief industry is the manufacture of iron and steel by the Bessemer and Siemens process. There are large blast-furnaces, engineering works, and bolt and rivet and tinplate works. Iron shipbuilding is also carried on : 2 vessels were built in 1886, of 3986 tons. The population of the urban sanitary district (area 641 acres) in 1871 was 7979, which by 1881 had increased to 13,308. In 1882 the area was extended to embrace 3463 acres, the popula tion of that area in 1871 being 8413, which by 1881 had increased to 14,371. The town is about to be incorporated (1888). WORKSOP, a market-town of Nottinghamshire, Eng land, is situated on the Chesterfield Canal, and on the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway and the Midland Railway, 16 miles east-south-east of Sheffield and 146 -| from London. It is a well-built and pleasant country town, with considerable traces of antiquity. The church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is an old priory church, once divided internally into two buildings, the eastern dedicated to St Mary being for the use of the canons, and the western dedicated to St Cuthbert for the parishioners. When the priory was demolished at the Reformation only the western portion of the church was spared, and for many years it was in a dilapidated con dition until it was restored with Perpendicular additions. Behind it are the ruins of the lady chapel, containing some fine Early English work. The priory gatehouse, chiefly in the Decorated style, now forms the entrance to the precincts of the church. It is supposed to have been built early in the 14th century by the third Lord Furnival, when the market was established. Of the priory itself the only remains are a wall at the north west corner of the church which includes the cloister gateway. There was a Norman keep on the castle hill, but no remains of the building are now left. The magnificent manor-house, built by Gilbert, first earl of Shrewsbury, and occasionally occupied by Mary queen of Scots during her captivity under the sixth earl, was in great part destroyed by fire in 1761, while being restored at great expense by the duke of Norfolk, and when the estate came into the possession of the duke of Newcastle in 1840 the ruined portion of the mansion remaining was removed and a smaller mansion built near it. The ecclesiastical parish of St John s was formed in 1867. There is a corn exchange, erected in 1854, in the Venetian style, and a mechanics institute, erected in 1852. Form erly liquorice was extensively grown, but malting is now the principal industry. A large corn market and a cattle and horse fair are held. The town also possesses brass and iron foundries, agricultural implement works, saw-mills, and chemical works. The population of the urban sanitary district (18,220 acres) was 10,409 in 1871, and 11,625 in 1881. &quot;Worksop occurs in Domesday as Withercope. By William the Cono[ueror the manor was bestowed on Koger de Busli. It subse quently passed to William de Lovitot, who in 1103 founded a priory for Augustinian canons dedicated to St Mary. From the De Lovitots it passed successively to the Furnivals, the Nevilles, the Talbots, earls of Shrewsbury, and the Howards, earls of Arundel and afterwards dukes of Norfolk. By the duke of Norfolk it was sold in 1840 to the duke of Newcastle, whose country mansion, Clumber, is in the parish. In December 1460 an engagement took place at Worksop between the forces of the duke of York and those of the duke of Somerset. See White s Worksop, 1875; and Sissons, Guide to Worksop, 1888. WORM. This word has no definite significance in modern zoological classification ; it is constantly applied to several phyla of the animal kingdom which have for the most part no special relations to each other. By Linnaeus the Latin equivalent &quot; Vermes &quot; was applied to the modern divisions of MOLLUSCA, CCELENTERA, PROTOZOA, TUNI- CATA, ECHINODERMATA (qq.v.), as well as to those animals which are in many current text-books of zoology grouped together under the same name. 1 The group Vermes as used, for example, by Glaus includes several distinct phyla, viz., NEMATOIDEA (q-v.), Platyhelminthes (see PLANARIANS, TAPE-WORMS, and TREMATODA), NEMEU- TINES (q.v.), Chsetognatha (see SAGITTA), Gephyrea (see ANNELIDA), ROTIFERA (q.v.), Discophora (see LEECH), Chgetopoda. The Chsdopoda are divided into Oliyochseta and Polychxta, which have been shortly treated of, together with Dis- cophora and Gephyrea, in the article ANNELIDA (q.v.). The leech and its kindred (Discophorci) have been more fully described in another article (LEECH, q.v.). The present article will treat of the earthworm and its immediate allies. The earthworm belongs to the order Oligochseta, which also includes a number of freshwater forms ; these latter Olic/ochseta have been distinguished as &quot;Limicolx&quot; from the earthworms or &quot; Terricolee.&quot; There are, how ever, no structural peculiarities of any importance which ab solutely distinguish the terrestrial from the aquatic forms. Earthworms are, it is true, characterized by the simplicity of their setoe, by the absence of cilia upon the body, by the thickness of the body-wall, which im plies an increased thickness of the mus cular layers, and by the thickness of the intersegmental septa, particularly in the anterior region of tlip&amp;gt; 1-iArlv All tlipco F IG - 1- Diagrams of Various Earthworms, to illus- uuy. .mi uiehi tratc external characters. A, B, C, anterior seg- stl UCtural modlfica- ments from the ventral surface; D, hinder end tinnc Tinwovpr nro cr&amp;gt; of body of Urochxta. A. Lumbricus : 9, 10, scg- IIOIIS, ilOVvever, aieSO ments containing spermathecae, the orifices of obviously Connected which are indicated; 14, segment bearing ovi- ., , J ,. . ducal pores; 15, segment bearing male pores; With the density OI 32, 37, first and last segments of clitellum. B, flip mprlinm in wlnVli Acanthodrihis: ep, orifices of spennathecce; 9, oviducal pores ; &amp;lt;J, male pores; on 17th and 19th they live that they segments are tlie apertures of the atria. C, Peri- 4-U 1 U4- 1 chseta: the spermathecal pores are between seg- cannOt DC Held tO DC men ts 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9, the oviducal nf nrimnrv irrmnrr pores upon the 14th and the male pores upon the juiuicuj l: 18th segment. In all the figures the nephridial ance. On the Other pores are indicated by dots and the setae by hand, there is no strokes - deep-seated anatomical character which distinguishes earth worms from the freshwater Oligochxta. An article on earthworms must therefore necessarily include an account of the aquatic and mud-inhabiting Oligochada. The Oligochxta range in size from a few lines to several feet in length ; the large earthworm from the Cape Col ony (Microchseta rappi) measures 5 or 6 feet in length when fully extended. On the whole the terrestrial forms (earthworms) are larger than the aquatic forms. The Oligochxta are found all over the globe, but at present no details of value can be given as to their distributional 1 Gegenbaur, Elements of Comp. Anat., Eng. trans., 1878; Clans, Text-Book of Zoolotjy, Eng. trans., 1884.