Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/673

Rh W L W O L Goo 00 in those years so universally discussed. The substance of his thinking on these doctrines he embodied, towards the end of his life, in the one book by which he is now remembered, The Religion of Nature Delineated, the first edition of which was privately printed in 1722, and the second, revised, in 1724. He died in October of the same year. Wo llastou s Religion of Nature, which falls between Clarke s Discourse of the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion and Butler s Sermons, was one of the popular philosophical books of its day. More than 10,000 copies of it were sold in a few years. It was highly valued by Bishop Butler and a favourite book of Queen Caroline, the wife of George II., and she ordered the numerous quotations from Latin, Greek, and Hebrew in the notes to be translated into English for her use. To the 8th edition (1750) was added a life of the author. Though the book is now re membered chiefly for the theory of the nature of moral good and evil advocated in it, it was rather its defence of natural religion, and its bold, sometimes original, penetrating, and often eloquent discussion of great ethical religious problems which secured for it &quot;deserved reputation.&quot; It was designed to be an answer to the two questions Is there such a thing as natural religion ? and If there is, what is it ? &quot;Vollaston starts with the assumption that religion and morality are identical, and labours to show that religion is &quot;the pursuit of happiness by the practice of truth and reason.&quot; The moral theory on which he values himself as propounding a view met with nowhere else is that moral evil is the practical denial of a true proposition and moral good the affirma tion of it. To steal is wrong because it is to deny that the thing stolen is what it is the property of another. In Wollaston s view &quot;happiness&quot; occupies a large place. He makes pain an evil and pleasure a good. Happiness is a duty and an end to be aimed at by every intelligent being. He makes the production of happiness also the test of the lightness or wrongness of all social regulations. But lie admits that in this world happiness and virtue only tend to coincide, and derives from their defective coin cidence his argument for a state of future rewards and punishments. In addition to this work Wollaston published anonymously a small book On the Design oftheBookofEcclesiastes, or the Unreasonableness of Men s Rest/ess Contention for the Present Enjoyments, represented in an English I oem, London, 1691. The subject of the book is sufficiently indicated in its title, and was in form and argument so worthless that its author consulted his reputation by im mediately suppressing it. It is now very scarce. The university library of Cambridge possesses a copy. See Wollaston s life prefixed to the 8th ed. of his Religion of Nature; John Clarke, Examination of the notion of Moral Good and Evil advanced in a late book entitled The Religion of Nature Delineated, London, 1725; Drechsler, Ueber Wollaston s Moral-Philosophie, Erlangen, 1802; Leslie Stephen s History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, London, 1876, eh. iii. and ch. ix.; II. Sidgwick s History of Ethics, 1886, p. 194 sq. A French transition of his book, Ebauche de la Religion Naturelle, appeared at The Hague in 1726. WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828), chemist and natural philosopher, was born at East Dereham, in Norfolk, on August 6, 1766, the second of seventeen children. His father, the Rev. Francis Wollaston, rector of Chislehurst, grandson of William Wollaston noticed above, Avas an enthusiastic astronomer. Wollaston studied at Caius College, Cambridge, of which he remained a fellow until his death. He took the degree of M.B. in 1787, and that of M.D. six years later, and commenced to practise medicine in 1789 at Bury St Edmunds. Failing to make headway he removed to London, where he was equally unsuccessful. He applied for a vacant physician- ship at St George s Hospital, but was not appointed ; and he never got over the feeling of irritation, which indeed led him to abandon medicine altogether. Wollaston betook himself to original research, and for a time ranged pretty impartially over the sciences. He is said to have accumu lated a fortune by the manufacture of platinum and of various optical and mechanical inventions. He devoted much attention to the affairs of the Royal Society, of which he was elected a fellow in 1793 and made secretary in 1806. For many years he was a vice-president, but did not care to enter on competition with Sir Humphry Davy when the latter was elected president in 1820. Beyond appearing at the meetings of learned societies Wollaston took little part in public affairs ; he lived alone, conducting his investigations in a deliberate and very exhaustive manner, but in the most rigid seclusion, no person being admitted to his laboratory on any pretext. Towards the close of 1828 he felt the approach of the fatal malady a tumour in the brain and devoted his last days to a careful revisal of his unpublished researches and industrial processes, dictating several papers on these subjects, which were afterwards published in the Philo sophical Transactions. On December 22, 1828, he died, as he had lived, self-possessed, stern, and silent. Wollaston s character presents a very remarkable analogy with that of Henry Cavendish : both studied all branches of science ; both were highly respected by their contemporaries for intellectual power and achievements in research ; both were reserved and distant, making few friends, never acting from impulse, but occasionally displaying unexpected generosity. AVollaston s char acter can only be partially divined from his public actions and relations with other scientific men, and unfortunately no other data are available. A dispute as to priority in discovering electro magnetic rotation is referred to under FARADAY, vol. ix. p. 29 ; and suggestions as to the prior invention of his process of manu facturing platinum are to be found in the article PLATINUM (vol. xix. p. 190). The incidents associated with the discovery of the metal palladium were more serious than either of these. Wollaston detected this element, extracted a considerable quantity, and ex posed it for sale in an instrument- maker s shop, calling attention to it by an anonymous advertisement. A chemist, Chenevix, purchased some of the metal, and concluded from a few hasty experiments that it was an amalgam of platinum. He submitted a paper to the Royal Society, which Wollaston as secretary read, after, it is said, vainly advising Chenevix to withdraw it. A con troversy, supported by elaborate series of experiments, took place, and was only terminated when Wollaston acknowledged that ho was the discoverer, and described the process of extraction from the ores of platinum. Chenevix was disgusted, and deserted chemistry. Yet Wollaston was a most thorough and conscientious worker : it was his extreme caution in coming to conclusions until the facts were irresistible that occasionally led him to the unfor tunate method of tentative anonymous publication ; but the same quality ensured a solidity and trustworthiness in his Royal Society memoirs which make them models to subsequent investigators. Most of Wollaston s papers deal more or less directly with chemistry, but they diverge beyond that science on all sides into optics, physiology, botany, acoustics, astronomy, and even touch on art. He discovered the metals palladium and rhodium, and proved the identity of columbium with titanium. The minute scale on which his analytical processes were carried out was rendered possible by his extraordinary keenness of sight and neatness in manipulation. The Royal Society awarded him a royal medal for his process of manufacturing platinum, a work which, in its immediate effects, it is almost impossible to over-estimate. Wollaston was the first to produce the metal in a state fit to manufacture, and in quantity sufficient to make platinum crucibles generally available, thus sup plying analytical chemistry with its most powerful instrument of advance. In optics his most important theoretical observation, to which, however, he gave little attention, was the discovery in 1802 of dark lines in the solar spectrum (see LIGHT, vol. xiv. p. 593), but practically the reflecting GONIOMETER and CAMERA LUCIDA (qq.v.} were of greatest value, the former supplying the crystallo- graphcr with his chief data, the latter indispensable in the develop ment of modern microscopical research. Amongst his other papers may be mentioned those dealing with the physiology of vision, the apparent direction of the eyes in a portrait, a comparison of the light of the sun with that of the moon and fixed stars, a slide-rule for calculating chemical equivalents, sounds inaudible to certain ears, and a theory of the formation of fairy-rings. An appreciative essay on the &quot;Life of Wollaston&quot; will be found in George Wilson s Religio Chenuci (1862). WOLLIN, an island belonging to Prussia, is the more easterly of the islands at the mouth of the Oder, which separate the Stettiner HafF from the Baltic Sea (vol. xvii. }&amp;gt;. 724). It is divided from the mainland on the E. by the Dievenow, and from Usedom on the W. by the Swine. It is roughly triangular in shape, and has an area of 90 square miles. Heath and sand alternate with swamps, lakes, and forest on its surface, which is quite flat, except towards the south-west, where the low hills of Lebbin rise. The coast is fenced with dunes and shifting sand-hills. Cattle-rearing and fishing are the chief re sources of the inhabitants, who number about 14,000. Misdroy, on the north-west coast, is a favourite sea-bathing resort, and some of the other villages, as Ostswine, opposite Swinemiinde, Fritter, famous for its eels, and Lebbin, are also visited in summer. XXIV. 80