Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/590

Rh 554 W H I W H I music at Cambridge. Three years afterwards lie resigned these appointments in consequence of an attack of paralysis. He died at Hereford, 22d February 1836. Whitfield s compositions were very numerous. Among the best of them are four volumes of anthems, published in 1805. He also composed a great number of songs, one of which Bird of the Wilderness, written to some well-known verses by James Hogg, the &quot;Ettrick Shepherd &quot;attained a high degree of popularity. But the great work of his life was the publication, in a popular and eminently useful form, of the oratorios of Handel, which he was the first to present to the public with a complete pianoforte accompaniment. Before his time these works could only be ob tained either in full score or with a plain-figured bass, in which forms they were absolutely useless to the unlearned musician. But so great was the success of his experiment that at the present day the form he originated is the only one with which the general public is familiar. His own volumes, indeed, have been long out of print, and are not now very easy to obtain ; but every one of the great oratorios, arranged on a similar plan, may be bought at a price within the reach of the poorest student of art. WHITGIFT, JOHN (1530 or 1533-1604), archbishop of Canterbury, was descended from a middle-class family, the elder brailch of which had been long settled in Yorkshire. He was the eldest son of Henry Whitgift, merchant of Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, where he was born, according to one account in 1533, but according to a calculation founded on a statement of his own in 1530. At an early age his education was entrusted to his uncle, Robert Whit- gift, abbot of the neighbouring monastery of Wellow, by whose advice he was afterwards sent to St Anthony s school, London. There he lodged with his aunt, wife of the verger of St Paul s cathedral ; but, having through his uncle s teaching imbibed so much of the Reformation doc trine that he declined to attend mass in the cathedral, he quarrelled with his aunt and had to return home. In 1549 he matriculated at Queen s College, Cambridge, and in May 1550 he migrated to Pembroke Hall, where he had the martyr John Bradford for a tutor. On 31st May 1555 he became a fellow of Peterhouse. Having taken holy orders in 1560, he became in the same year chaplain to Dr Cox, bishop of Ely, who collated him to the rectory of Teversham, Cambridgeshire. In 1563 he was appointed Lady Margaret professor of divinity at Cambridge, and his lectures gave such satisfaction to the authorities that on 5th July 1566 they considerably augmented his stipend. The following year he was appointed regius professor of divinity, and also became master of Trinity. He had a principal share in compiling the statutes of the university, which passed the great seal on 25th September 1570, and in November following he was chosen vice-chancellor. Macaulay s description of Whitgift, as &quot; a narrow, mean, tyrannical priest, who gained power by servility and adula tion,&quot; is tinged with rhetorical exaggeration ; but un doubtedly Whitgift s extreme High Church notions led him to treat the Puritans with exceptional intolerance. In a pulpit controversy with Cartwright, regarding the constitutions and customs of the Church of England, he showed himself Cartwright s inferior in oratorical effective ness, but the balance was redressed by the exercise of arbitrary authority. Whitgift, with other heads of the university, deprived Cartwright in 1570 of his professor ship, and in September 1571 he exercised his prerogative as master of Trinity to deprive him of his fellowship. In June of the same year Whitgift was nominated dean of Lincoln. In the following year he published An Ansivere to a Certain Libel intituled an Admonition to the Parlia ment. To this Cartwright replied by a Second Admoni tion to the Parliament; and in 1573 Whitgift published a third edition of his Ansivere, with additions bearing on Cartwright s Admonition. Cartwright thereupon rejoined by a Re/)lye to an Answere made of M. Doctor Whitegifte ; and in 1574 Whitgift published Defence of the Ansivere to the Admonition against the Replye of T. C. On 24th March 1577 he was appointed bishop of Worcester, and during the absence of Sir Henry Sidney in Ireland he for two and a half years acted as vice-president of Wales. In August 1583 he was nominated archbishop of Canterbury, and thus was largely instrumental in giving its special complexion to the church of the Reformation. Although he wrote a letter to Queen Elizabeth remonstrating against the alienation of church property, Whitgift always retained her special confidence. In his policy against the Puritans, and in his vigorous enforcement of the subscription test, he was only obeying her behests. His course of action gave rise to the Mar-prelate tracts, in which the bishops and clergy were bitterly attacked. Through Whitgift s vigilance the printers of the tracts were, however, discovered and punished ; and in order more effectually to check the publication of such opinions he got a law passed in 1593 making Puritanism an offence against the statute law. In the controversy between Travers and Hooker he interposed by prohibiting the preaching of the former ; and he more over presented Hooker with the rectory of Boscombe in Wiltshire, in order to afford him more leisure to complete his Ecclesiastical Polity, a work which, however, cannot be said to represent either Whitgift s theological or his ecclesiastical standpoint. Towards the close of his episco pate he, in conjunction with the bishop of London and other prelates, drew up the Calvinistic instrument known as the Lambeth Articles. They were, however, not ac cepted by the church. Whitgift attended Elizabeth on her deathbed, and crowned James I. He was present at the Hampton Court Conference in January 1604, and died at Lambeth on the 29th of the following February. He was buried in the church of Croydon, and his monument there with his recumbent effigy was in great part destroyed in the fire by which the church was burnt down in 1867. Whitgift is described by his biographer, Sir G. Paule, as of &quot; middle stature, strong and well shaped, of a grave countenance and brown complexion, black hair and eyes, his beard neither long nor thick. &quot; He was noted for his hospitality, and was somewhat ostentatious in his habits, sometimes visiting Canterbury and other towns attended by a retinue of 800 horsemen. He left several un published works, which are included among the MSS. Anglian. Many of his letters, articles, injunctions, &c., are calendared in the published volumes of the State Paper series of the reign of Elizabeth. His Collected Works, edited for the Parker Society by Rev. John Ayre, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1851-53, include, besides the controversial tracts already alluded to, two sermons published during his lifetime, a selection from his letters to Cecil and others, and some portions of his unpublished MSS. A Life of Whitgift by Sir G. Paule appeared in 1612, 2d ed. 1649. It has been embodied by Strype in his Life and Acts of Whitgift, 1718. There is also a life in Wordsworth s Ecclesiastical Biography, Hook s Archbishops of Canterbury, and vol. i. of Whitgift s Collected Works. See also Cooper s Athenie Canto- 1) r ig ienses. WHITING, a marine fish (Gadus merlangus), abundant on the shores of the German Ocean and all round the coasts of the British Islands. It is distinguished from the other species of the genus Gadus or Cod-fish by having from thirty-three to thirty-five rays in the first anal fin, and by lacking the barbel on the chin (which is so well de veloped in the common cod-fish, whiting-pout, &c.) entirely, or possessing only a minute rudiment of it. The snout is long, and the upper jaw longer than the lower. A black spot at the root of the pectoral fin is also very character istic of this species, and but rarely absent. The whiting is one of the most valuable food fishes of northern Europe, and is caught throughout the year by hook and line and by the trawl. It is in better condition at the beginning of winter than after the spawning season, which falls in the months of February and March. Its usual size is from 1 to 1 pound, but it may attain to twice that weight. In the south of Europe it is replaced by an allied species, Gadus euxini, which, however, seems to be limited to the cold waters of the Adriatic and Black Seas. WHITLOW is a name applied loosely to any inflanmia-