Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/588

Rh 552 W H I W H I the last time the change in his appearance forcibly im pressed Wesley, who wrote in his Journal : &quot; He seemed to be an old man, being fairly worn out in his Master s ser vice, though he had hardly seen fifty years.&quot; When health was failing him he placed himself on what he called &quot; short allowance,&quot; preaching only once every week day and thrice on Sunday. In 1769 he returned to America for the seventh and last time. He was now affected by a severe asthmatic complaint ; but to those who advised him to take some rest, he answered, &quot; I had rather wear out than rust out.&quot; He died on the 30th September 1770 at Newbury, New England, where he had arrived on the previous evening with the intention of preaching next day. In accordance with his own desire he was buried before the pulpit in the Presbyterian church of the town where he died. Whitefield, says Lecky, &quot;was chiefly a creature of impulse and emotion. He had very little logical skill, no depth or range of knowlege, not much self-restraint.&quot; He possessed neither Wesley s organizing power, nor his personal authority and influence. His one talent was his gift of popular oratory, the secret of which was his command of clear and direct English, his remarkable elocution ary and dramatic skill, and his passionate fervour and simple pathos. His printed works convey a totally inadequate idea of his oratorical powers, and are all in fact below mediocrity. They ap peared in a collected form in 1771-72 in seven volumes, the last containing Memoirs of his Life, by Dr John Gillies. His Letters, 1734-70, were comprised in vols. i., ii., and lii. of his IVorks and were also published separately. His Select Works, with memoir by J. Smith, appeared in 1850. See also Philip s Whitefield s Life and Times, 1837 ; Tyerma.risLifepfll r hitefield, 1876-77; and Lecky s History of England, vol. ii. (T. F. H.) WHITEFISH is a collective name applied in different countries to very different kinds of freshwater fishes, which, however, have this in common, that their body is covered with regularly arranged silvery scales, without spots or orna mental colours. Thus the numerous European species of the Cyprinoid genus Leuciscus are frequently comprised under the name of &quot; Whitefish,&quot; whilst in North America this term is in general use for the various species of the Salmonoid genus Coregonus, which abound in every lake and river of Canada and the northern parts of the United States. WHITEHAVEN, a parliamentary borough of England and the principal seaport of Cumberland, is situated at the extremity of the Solway Firth, facing the Irish Sea, 41 miles south-west of Carlisle and 304 north-west of London. It is connected by a branch line with the London and North Western Railway. The town is built chiefly in a valley overlooked by high grounds on the north and south. The streets are spacious, with handsome shops. The principal public buildings are the town-hall, court-room, custom-house, police office, theatre, baths, free library, infirmary, and dispensary. The harbour is pro tected by two stone piers ; the west pier (erected 1824-39) is 965 feet long, and the north pier (1837-41) 918 feet. There is daily communication with Liverpool, Glasgow, Belfast, Dublin, and the Isle of Man. The town has an import trade from America, the Baltic ports, France, Spain and Portugal, and the Mediterranean. The princi pal exports are coal, pig iron, lime, freestone, and grain. The number of vessels that entered the port in 1886 was 2377, of 269,811 tons, the number that cleared 2297, of 257,025 tons. Iron ship-building is carried on, but the number of vessels built in 1886 was only 2 of 2406 tons. The other principal industries are engineering, brass- founding, boiler -making, brick and earthenware manu facturing, and dyeing. There are two large collieries, one extending about 1 miles under the sea. Fishing is carried on to a small extent, the number of boats engaged in 1886 being 18 of 441 tons. The population of the urban sani tary district (area 679 acres) was 18,243 in 1871 and 19,295 in 1881. Whitehaven owes its name to the light colour of the rocks adjoining it. In the reign of Henry I. the manor formed part of the monastery of St Mary s at York, to which the priory of St Bees belonged. In 1599 the manor of St Bees was purchased from Sir Thomas Chaloner by General Lowther and Thomas Wybergh, and the whole in 1644 came into the possession of Sir John Lowther, under whose ausmces the town advanced witk great rapidity. From Charles II. the Lowthers obtained an additional grant of 150 acres, now partly included in the town, soon after which means were taken greatly to improve the harbour. By Acts passed in the 7th and llth years of Queen Anne s reign the town is governed by twenty -two trustees elected trienniully. The earl of Lonsdale, whose castle adjoins the town, is lord of the manor. AVhitehaven has returned one member to parliament since 1832. WHITELOCKE, BULSTRODE (1605-1675), son of Sir James Whitelocke, a justice of the King s Bench, was born at London, on 2d August 1605. He was educated at Eton and afterwards at Merchant Taylors School, London. In 1620 he entered St John s College, Oxford. In preparing for the bar he became acquainted with Selden, who aided him in his studies and gave him the use of his library. Whitelocke sat for Stafford in the parliament of 1626, and in the course of that year was called to the bar. In 1630 he married a daughter of Alderman Bennett. During the years that followed he was in the favour of Laud. He was not a man likely to raise disturbances in church and state ; and he took an active part in the preparation of the law of Court Masque after Prynne s condemnation in 1634, not long after which his wife died. Before the year was out he made a runaway match with the sister of Lord Willoughby of Parham. When the troubles began Whitelocke s cautious nature led him to distrust Laud, though he kept himself from all communication with the Scots. In the Long Parliament he represented Great Marlow, and took part in the impeach ment of Strafford. Later on he did his best to avert a civil war, but prudently remained at Westminster instead of joining the king. When the Royalists advanced after Edge- hill, his house, Fawley Court, was pillaged by the soldiers. When attempts were subsequently made to open negotia tions with the king, he became a leading member of the peace party, though, as he tells us himself, he &quot; kept fair with the other leading men of the House, as Mr Pym, Hampden, and the rest, and would not entirely engage in any party, which made him the more courted by all.&quot; He was one of the commissioners appointed to carry the terms of the Parliament to Oxford in May, and drew on himself suspicions of too close intercourse with the king. Having at the close of 1644 taken part in a conference between some of the Scots and the English Presbyterians, his advice did much to frustrate a proposal for a parliamentary accusa tion of Cromwell. On the other hand, he spoke in the Com mons against the Self-Denying Ordinance. He was again a commissioner in the negotiation with the king at Uxbridge early in 1645. Whitelocke was present at the siege of Oxford in 1646, and was on excellent terms with Fairfax and Cromwell. Later in the year he opposed an ordi nance for punishing heretics. His common-sense seems to have rallied him to the tolerationists, and he took their side in opposing the divine right of presbytery and in getting rid of the Scottish army. In 1647 he tried to moderate the opposition of the Presbyterians to the army, but as usual he did not throw himself violently on either side. In 1648 he was named a commissioner of the great seal. He was much troubled at the attack on the House of Commons by Pride s &quot; purge,&quot; but he did not resign his post. He refused to have anything to do with the king s trial ; but he accepted a commissionership of the new great seal of the commonwealth after the king s execution. Both before the trial and afterwards he was on intimate terms with Cromwell. In May 1649 his second wife died. In January 1650 he proposed to Lady Hungerford, but, being refused by her, he was married in the following August to the widow of Alderman Wilson. Whitelocke was now a