Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/44

Rh 30 V A C V A G pox in the German army, in which all recruits are re-vaccinated, was 60 per cent, more than among the civil population of the same age ; it was ten times greater among the infantry than among the cavalry, and sixty times more among the Hessians than among the Wiirtembergers. The Bavarian contingent, which was re-vaccinated without exception, had five times the death-rate from smallpox in the epidemic of 1870-71 that the Bavarian civil population of the same ages had, although re-vaccination is not obligatory among the latter. The susceptibility to cowpox infection diminishes with age ; among the pupils of twelve years in Prussian schools it fails in about one-fourth of the attempts, and at later periods of life the proportion of failures is still greater. It is often alleged that the unvaccinated are so much inflammable material in the midst of the community, and that smallpox begins among them and gathers force so that it sweeps even the vaccinated before it. Inquiry into the facts has shown that at Cologne in 1870 the first unvaccinated person attacked by smallpox was the 174th in order of time, at Bonn the same year the 42d, and at Liegnitz in 1871 the 225th. State-supported facilities for vaccination began in England in 1808 with the National Vaccine Establishment. In 1840 vaccination fees were made payable out of the rates. The first compulsory Act was passed in 1853, the guardians of the poor being intrusted with the carrying out of the law ; in 1854 the public vaccinations under one year of age were 408,824, as against an average of 180,960 for several years before. In 1867 a new Act was passed, rather to re move some technical difficulties than to enlarge the scope of the former Act ; and in 1871 the Act was passed which compelled the boards of guardians to appoint vaccination officers. The guardians also appoint a public vaccinator, who must be duly qualified to practise medicine, and whose duty it is to vaccinate (for a fee of one shilling and sixpence) any child resident within his district brought to him for that purpose, to examine the same a week after, to give a certificate, and to certify to the vaccination officer the fact of vaccination or of insusceptibility. The Local Government Board awards a considerable sum in premiums for totals of successful vaccination, at a higher scale of one shilling for each case, and a lower scale of sixpence. The vaccination officer sees that all infants are vaccinated, either publicly or privately, before they are three months old (in Scotland six months), unless there is reason for post poning the operation. He acts also as registrar of vaccinations. Parents refusing to obey the summons taken out by the vaccination officer are liable to a penalty of twenty shillings for each offence. In 1880 the president of the Local Government Board brought in a bill to repeal the part of the Act relating to cumulative penalties ; but the bill was withdrawn owing to protests from the medical pro fession. In a number of populous unions of England a majority of the guardians are decided not to prosecute under the Vaccination Act ; in other unions prosecutions are not unfrequent, the convic tions having amounted in 1885 to upwards of two thousand, and having usually led to distraint of goods (rarely to imprisonment) in default of paying the fine. In England about two -thirds of all infants are vaccinated at the public expense. Vaccination was made compulsory in Bavaria in 1807, and subse quently in the following countries: Denmark (1810), Sweden (1814), Wtirtemberg, Hesse, and other German states (1818), Prussia (1835), Roumania (1874), Hungary (1876), and Servia (1881). It is compulsory by cantonal law in ten out of the twenty-two Swiss cantons ; an attempt to pass a federal compulsory law was defeated by a plebiscite in 1881. In the following countries there is no compulsory law, but Govern mental facilities and compulsion on various classes more or less directly under Governmental control, such as soldiers, state em ployes, apprentices, school pupils, &c. : France, Italy, Spain, Por tugal, Belgium, Norway, Austria, Turkey. In only a few States or cities of the American Union is there a vaccination statute ; in Canada there is none. Vaccination has been compulsory in South Australia since 1872, in Victoria since 1874, and in Western Australia since 1878. In Tasmania a com pulsory Act was passed in 1882. In New South Wales there is no compulsion, but free facilities for vaccination. Compulsion was adopted at Calcutta in 1880 and since then at eighty other towns of Bengal, at .Madras in 1884, and at Bombay and elsewhere in the presidency a few years earlier. Re-vaccination was made compulsory in Denmark in 1871 and in Roumania in 1874 ; in Holland it was enacted for all school pupils in 1872. The various laws and administrative orders which had been for many years in force as to vaccination and re-vaccination in the several German states were consolidated in an imperial statute of 1874. Authorities. Jenner, Inquiry, London, 1798, and Further Observations, 1799 G. Pearson, Inquiry concerning the History of Cowpox, London, 1798 ; Woodville Reports of a. Series of Inoculations for the Variolie Vaccina? or Cowpox, London 1799; Baron, Life of Edward Jenner, M.D., 2 vols., London, 1838; Bousquet Sur le Cow-pox, decouvert a Passy, Paris, 1836; Estlin, in Land. Med. Gazette 1838-39 ; Ceely, Trans. Prov. Med. and Surg. Assoc., viii. (1840) and x. (1842) Bering, Ueber Kuhpocken an Kiihen, Stuttgart, 1839 ; Viennois and others, in Syphilis Vaccinale, Paris, 1865 ; Bphn, Handbuch der Vaccination, Leipsic, 1875 ; E. C. Seaton, Handbook of Vaccination, London, 1868 ; Reports on Sanitary Measures in India, 18Slt-85; W. White, Story of a Great Delusion, London, 1885; M Vail, Vaccination Vindicated, London, 1887 ; Lotz, Pocken und Vaccination, 2d ed., Basel, 1880 ; G. Fr. Kolb, Der heutige Stand der Imp/rage, Leipsic, 1879 ; A. Vogt, Der alte u. d. neue Impfglaube, Bern, 1SS1 ; and Creightoii, Natural History of Cowpox and Vaccinal Syphilis, London, 1887. (C. C.) VACZ (Germ. Waitzen), a market town in Hungary, on the left bank of the Danube, 20 miles north of Buda-Pesth. It gives its name to a Roman Catholic bishopric (established by Stephen, first king of Hungary, in 1000) and various schools, convents, and charities connected therewith, and has a state deaf and dumb institute and a central Government prison. The cathedral, a magnificent structure, is an imi tation of St Peter s at Rome, with mediaeval relics and pictures. The majority of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture and cattle-breeding ; but exportation of grapes from the neighbouring hilly district is also largely carried on. Vacz is a station on the Austrian-Hungarian railway system. The population, mostly Magyars by nationality, was 13,199 in 1880, and in 1887 was estimated to number nearly 17,000. VAGA, PEKING DEL (1500-1547), a painter of the Roman school, whose true name was PEEING (or PIEEO) BUONAO CORSI. He was born in Florence on 28th June 1500. His father ruined himself by gambling, and became a soldier in the invading army of Charles VIII. His mother dying when he was but two months old, he was suckled by a she-goat ; but shortly afterwards he was taken up by his father s second wife. Perino was first apprenticed to a druggist, but soon passed into the hands of a mediocre painter, Andrea da Ceri, and, when eleven years of age, of Ridolfo Ghirlandajo. Perino rapidly surpassed his fellow-pupils, applying himself especially to the study of Michelangelo s great cartoon. Another mediocre painter, Vaga from Toscanella, undertook to settle the boy in Rome, but first set him to work in Toscanella. Perino, when he at last reached Rome, was utterly poor, and with no clear prospect beyond journey-work for trading decorators. He, however, studied with great severity and spirit from Michelangelo and the antique, and was eventually entrusted with some of the subordinate work undertaken by Raphael in the Vatican. He assisted Gio vanni da Udine in the stucco and arabesque decorations of the loggie of the Vatican, and executed some of those small but finely composed Scriptural subjects which go by the name of &quot; Raphael s Bible &quot; Raphael himself furnish ing the designs. Perino s examples are Abraham about to Sacrifice Isaac, Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, Joseph and his Brethren, the Hebrews Crossing the Jordan, the Fall and Capture of Jericho, Joshua Commanding the Sun to Stand Still, the Birth of Christ, His Baptism, and the Last Supper. Some of these are in bronze-tint, while others are in full colour. He also painted, after Raphael s drawings, the figures of the planets in the great hall of the Appartamenti Borgia. Perino exhibited very uncommon faculty in these works and was soon regarded as second only to Giulio Romano among the great painter s assist ants. To Raphael himself he was always exceedingly respectful and attentive, and the master loved him almost as a son. He executed many other works about Rome, always displaying a certain mixture of the Florentine with the Roman style. After Raphael s death in 1520 a troublous period ensued for Perino, with a plague which ravaged Home in 1523, and again with the sack of that city in 1527. Then he accepted an invitation to Genoa, where he was employed in decorating the Doria palace, and rapidly founded a quasi-Roman school of art in the Ligurian city. He ornamented the palace in a style similar to that of Giulio Romano in the Mantuan Palazzo del Te, and frescoed his torical and mythological subjects in the apartments, fanci-