Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/345

Rh W A L W A L 321 descriptions of the various herbs he grows there and their medicinal and other uses. Sage holds the place of honour ; then comes rue, the antidote of poisons ; and so on through melons, fennel, lilies, poppies, and many other plants, to wind up with the rose, &quot; which in virtue and scent surpasses all other herbs, and may rightly be called the flower of flowers.&quot; The curious poem DC Imagine Tetrici takes the form of a dialogue. WALCH, the name of a family of scholars. I. JOHANN GEORG WALCH (1693-1775) was born at Meiningen, and studied at Leipsic and Jena under Olearius and Buddaeus. From 1716 he was professor at Jena of philosophy, rhetoric, and poetry successively, and after wards (from 1724) of theology. He married the only daughter of Buddasus, and in his learned and theological career followed in the footsteps of his father-in-law. His theological position was that of a very moderate ortho doxy, which had been influenced greatly by the philosophy and controversies of the Deistic period. His university lectures and published works ranged over the wide fields of ecclesiastical history in its various branches, particularly the literature and the controversies of the church, dog matics, ethics, and pastoral theology. Of his works the most valuable were Bibliothcca Theologica (1757-64) ; Bibliothcca Patristica (1770, new ed. 1834) ; his edition of Luther s works in 24 vols. (1740-52) ; Historische und thcologische Einleitung in die religiosen Strcitigkeitcn ausse.rhalb dcr Lutherischcn Kirchc, 5 vols. (1734-36); and the companion work to this, Streitig- keitcn dcr Evangel. Luth. Kirchc (1730-39). His life, with a com plete list of his writings, which amounted to 287, Leben und Charakf.cr dcs KircJicnraths J. G. JValcli, was published by his son 0. V. F. &quot;Valch (Jena, 1777). Comp. Gass, Protcstantischc Dogmatik, iii. p. 205 sq. II. JOHANN ERNST IMMANUEL WALCH (1725-1778), son of the above, born at Jena in 1725, became professor of philosophy in the university in 1750, and of rhetoric and poetry in 1759. He died in 1778. He was distinguished for his philological, antiquarian, and mineralogical acquire ments. See Lebensgeschichte Johann Ernst Im. Walch, Jena, 1780, and Meusel s Lexicon verstorbencr deutscher Schriftsteller, vol. xiv. III. CHRISTIAN WILHELM FRANZ WALCH (1726-1784), younger brother of J. E. I. Walch, was born at Jena December 25, 1726. He was educated at Jena under his father s direction, and as early as 1745-1747 lectured in the university in branches of exegesis, philosophy, and history. He then travelled with his brother J. E. I. Walch for a year through the Continent, making the acquaintance of the learned men of each country. On his return he was made professor of theology in Jena, but in 1753 he accepted an invitation to Giittingen, where he spent his life as pro fessor of theology. He lectured on dogmatics, church history, ethics, polemics, natural theology, symbolics, the epistles of Paul, Christian antiquities, historical theological literature, ecclesiastical law, and the fathers. His per manent place amongst learned theologians rests on his works on ecclesiastical history. He here holds the third place in the important trio Semler, Mosheim, Walch. Semler was much his superior in originality and boldness, and Mosheim in clearness, method, and elegance. But to his wide, deep, and accurate learning, to his conscientious and impartial examination of the facts and the authorities at first hand, and to &quot; his exact quotation of the sources and works illustrating them and careful discussion of the most minute details &quot; all succeeding historians are deeply indebted. His method is critical and pragmatic, &quot; pursuing everywhere the exact facts and the supposed causes of the outward changes of history,&quot; leaving wholly out of sight the deeper moving principles and ideas which influence its course. He speaks of history as consisting of &quot;the accidental changes of accidental matters.&quot; But, although he thus failed to reach the modern standard of an historian, the results of his industry and research remain as permanent historical materials. His principal work was his Entwurf ciner vollstdndigcn Historic der Kctzercien, Spaltungcn, und Rcligionsstreitigkeitcn, bis auf die Reformation, 11 vols., Leipsic, 1762-85. It was a great advance in theological liberality that he defined a heretic on the one hand as a Christian and on the other as one in fundamental error. He thus claimed for the heretic a place in the church, while he declined to treat as heretical such differences as divided great sections of Christians. Of his other valuable works may be men tioned Entwurf ciner vollstdndigen Historic der Romischen Pdpste (1756, 2d ed. 1758), Entwurf ciner vollstdndigen Historic der Kirchcnverscimmlungcn (1759), Bibliotheca Symbolica Vetus (1770), Kritische Untcrsuchung vom Gebrauch der hciligcn Schrift unter den alien Christen (1779), occasioned by the controversy between Lessing and Goeze, and to which Lessing began an elaborate reply just before his death. On C. W. F. Walch as historian see Baur, Epochcn der Jdrchlichen Geschichtschreibung (1852), p. 145 sq., and Dogmengcschichte, p. 38 sq. (1867, 3d ed. ); Gass, Gcschichte der Protestantischen Dogmatik, iii. p. 267 sq. ; Meusel, Lexicon verstorbencr deutscher Schriftsteller, vol. xiv. IV. CARL FRIEDRICH WALCH (1734-1799), brother of the last-named, was professor of jurisprudence at Jena, and the author of several valuable legal works. He died at Jena in 1799. His son Georg Ludwig (1785-1838) was for a time professor in the Kloster gymnasium of Berlin and afterwards in the university of Greifswald. He edited valuable editions of Tacitus s Ayricola and Germania. WALCHEUEN. See ZEALAND. WALDECK-PYRMONT, a small principality in the north-west of Germany, is the eighteenth factor of the German empire in point of area, and the twenty-fourth in point of population. It consists of two separate portions lying about 30 miles apart, viz., the county (grafschaft) of Waldeck, embedded in Prussian territory between the provinces of Westphalia and Hesse-Nassau, and the principality (fiirstenthum) of Pyrmont, farther to the north, between Lippe, Brunswick, and Hanover. Waldeck, with 48,580 inhabitants, comprises an area of 407 square miles, covered for the most part with hills, which culminate in the Hegekopf (2807 feet). The centre is occupied by the plateau of Corbach. The chief rivers are the Eder and Diemel, both of which eventually find their way into the Weser. Pyrmont, only 26 square miles in extent, with 8123 inhabitants, is also mountainous. The Emmer, also belonging to the Weser system, is its chief stream. The united area is thus 433 square miles, or about half the size of Cambridgeshire in England, and the united population in 1885 was 56,703. Agriculture and cattle-rearing are the main resources of the inhabitants in both parts of the principality, but the soil is nowhere very fertile. Only 55^ per cent, of the area is occupied by arable land and pasture; forests, one-tenth of which are coniferous, occupy 36 per cent. Rye is the principal crop; but oats, potatoes, and flax are also grown in considerable quantities. In 1883 the principality contained 5956 horses, 20,249 cattle, 66,704 sheep, 17,735 pigs, and 7332 goats. Iron, slate, and building-stone are worked at various points, and, along with horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, wool, and timber, form the chief exports. A few insignificant manufactures (cigars, liqueurs, earthenware, linen, knitted stockings) are carried on in some of the little towns, but both trade and manufactures are much retarded by the almost com plete isolation of the country from railways. Wildungen in the extreme south of Waldeck is the terminus of a branch line, and a narrow part of Pyrmont is intersected by an unimportant line. The capital and the residence of the prince is Arolsen (2442 inhabitants) in Waldeck ; twelve smaller &quot; towns &quot; and about one hundred villages are also situated in the county. The only town in Pyrmont is Bad Pyrmont, with about 1500 inhabitants, at one time a highly fashionable watering-place on account of its chalybeate and saline springs. The annual number of visitors is still estimated at 13,000. Wildungen is also a spa of some repute. 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