Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 24.djvu/231

Rh Vichy owes its importance to its, which were celebrated in the time of the. Within the or in its immediate vicinity there are 21, 12 of which are  (4 of these obtained by ). The of those which are outside the  are brought in by means of s. The most celebrated and frequented are the Grande Grille, L'Hopital, the Célestins, and Lardy. The most copious of all, the Puits Carré, is reserved for the. All these, whether cold or (maximum, 113° ), are largely charged with  (see ,  ); some also are  and tonic. The waters, which are limpid, have an  and emit a slight  of etted. They are recommended in cases of ic and, also for , , and. The establishment, begun in, is capable of supplying 3500 s a. The by which the  s are  also s s,, and  , as well as  for artificial. A considerable is carried on in the natural s. In addition to the principal establishment, Vichy has a , the  establishments of Lardy and Larbaud, and a large  , founded in. (5356 inhabitants in ), chief-lieu of the, about 1 distant, has similar  and a  establishment. Vichy possesses a and two public. The commands a splendid view of the s of. At Vichy,, and in the neighbourhood there are  s (toiles de Vichy).  VICKSBURG, a of the and the  of, , the largest and most important  in , stands on the , on the east  of the , nearly midway between  and. It is situated in the midst of the most  region of, and is one of the principal inland   of. Its means of, besides the , embrace three important. The has some , particularly of  and  and. The in  was 11,814, showing a slight decrease since ; and in  it was estimated at 18,000. Nearly one-half of the were.

1em  VICO, (1668–1744), Italian jurist and philosopher, was the son of Antonio Vico, a small bookseller, and was born at Naples on 23rd June 1668. At the age of seven he had a serious fall and severely injured his head, which produced in him “the melancholy and sour temper suited to men of talent.” Afterwards he applied himself to the study of scholastic philosophy. At an early age he entered the university, and made such rapid progress, especially in jurisprudence, that he is said to have won a suit for his father at the age of sixteen. Nevertheless he preferred the study of history, literature, juridical science, and philosophy. Being appointed teacher of jurisprudence to the nephews of the bishop of Ischia, G. B. Rocca, he accompanied them to the castle of Vatolla, near Cilento, in the province of Salerno. There he passed nine studious years, chiefly devoted to classical reading, Plato and Tacitus being his favourite authors, because “the former described the ideal man and the latter man as he really is.” On his return to Naples he found Cartesianism in the ascendant, and this he disliked. Belonging to no particular school or literary sect, he languished in neglect and obscurity, until in 1697 he gained the professorship of rhetoric at the university, with a scanty stipend of 100 ducats. On this he supported not only himself but his rapidly increasing family; for he had married a poor and illiterate girl, who was only able to put her mark to the nuptial contract. Meanwhile his own studies were pursued with untiring zeal, and he began to write and publish his works. Two modern authors exercised a weighty influence on his mind—Francis Bacon and Grotius. He was no follower of their ideas, indeed often opposed to them; but he derived from Bacon an increasing stimulus towards the investigation of certain great problems of history and philosophy, while Grotius proved valuable in his study of philosophic jurisprudence. In 1708 he published his De ratione studiorum, in 1710 De antiquissima Italorum sapientia, in 1720 De universi juris uno principio et fine uno, and in 1721 De constantia jurisprudentis. On the strength of these works he offered himself as a candidate for the university chair of jurisprudence then vacant, with a ly stipend of 600 ducats. But he was rejected by the examiners, although all his competitors have remained unknown to fame. Without any sense of discouragement, he returned to his favourite studies, and in 1725 published the first edition of the work that forms the basis of his renown, Principii d’una Scienza Nuova. In 1730 he produced a second edition of the Scienza Nuova, so much altered in style and with so many substantial additions that it was practically a new work. In 1735 Charles III. of Naples marked his recognition of Vico’s merits by appointing him historiographer-royal, with a ly stipend of 100 ducats. But the philosopher derived little enjoyment from his new post. Attacked by a cruel malady, mind and memory failed. But during frequent intervals of lucidity he resumed his pen and made new corrections in his great work, of which a third edition appeared in 1744, prefaced by a letter of dedication to Cardinal Trojano Acquaviva. Vico expired on 20th January of the same year. Fate seemed bent on persecuting him to the last. A fierce quarrel arose over his burial between the brotherhood of St Stephen, to which he had belonged, and the university professors, who desired to escort his corpse to the grave. Finally the canons of the cathedral, together with the professors, buried the body in the church of the Gerolimini.

1em 