Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 23.djvu/560

Rh marginally. The posterior extremity is pointed. A xine belones, Abildg., resembles it, but is broad and obliquely truncated behind, this margin bearing a row of fifty to seventy peculiar attaching organs, which are of the form of a hand-satchel (fig. 3, D, EX the metal clasp being represented by a complicated chitinous framework. There are four groups of hooks and one ring of the same round the genital open ing. The mouth has a sucker at either side, and above it an ovul body which can be evaginated like the proboscis of a Dendrocele Plaiiarian.

Aspidogaster conchicola (32) is found in the perieardial cavity of the freshwater mussel; it is conical anteriorly with a terminal oral sucker; the ventral sucker Is very large and divided into rectangular areas; the excretory pore is at the pos terior extremity of the body, and the genital organs open on the left side of the fore-part of the animal (fig. 3, F).

Gyrodactylus elegans (33) is found on the fins and surface of the body of the pike, stickleback, and other freshwater fishes, and measures about 5 mm. in length; it is flattened in form and tapers towards either end (fig. 3, G). At the anterior extremity are two lappets, while the posterior is furnished with a subtriangular plate, which bears the organs of attachment in the_ shape of two large curved hooks in its centre and sixteen smaller ones on its circumference. The most interesting peculiarity, however, of this form is to be found in the fact that each embryo before it is extruded (the animal is viviparous) contains another embryo, and this in its turn another, so that three embryonic generations are present simultaneously.

The genus Distomum is by far the most extensive in the group, containing at the present time over 300 species, which occur almost exclusively in Vertebrates; the most important are perhaps D. lanceolatum, which inhabits the same situa tions as Fasciola hepatica, D. clavigerum, from the frog, and D. militare, Van Beneden, from the intestine of the duck. The name Fasciola (Linn.) has the priority over Distomum (Distoma) of Retzius, which, however, has obtained ex tensive currency. The name Fasciola may appropriately be used in a restricted sense for forms which have a branched digestive tract, F. hepatica above de scribed being taken as the type. This separation has not met with general recog nition, although supported by Blanchard and Cobbold (1). Weinland has proposed to substitute the term Dicrocaelium, used by Dujardin, for Distomum, retaining Fasciola for the type-species, but this proposal has not met with acceptance. The Distomes vary in size from forms almost microscopic to those which, like D. ingens, Moniez (35), measure 6 cm. long in alcohol, or even 12-5 cm. in the fresh condition (D. gigas, Nardo). Distomum halosauri, Bell (36), is parasitic upon a deep-sea fish taken in 1090 fathoms. Distomum macrostomum (fig. 4, B) of the woodpecker (Apternus tridactylus) has a remarkable larval form known as Leucochloridium paradoxum, which is parasitic on Succinea putris, and consists of a number of branching threads, from which are developed one or two contractile sacs (fig. 4, C, D). Their growth distends the tentacle until it bursts and the sac hangs outwards.

Fig. 4. A, Bitharzia hxmatobia, the thin female in the gynajcophoric canal of the stouter male; xlo (after Lcuckart). B, Distomum macrostomum, showing the digestive and the greater part of the genital apparatus with the cirrus pro truded; x 30. C, Snail (Succinea), the tentacles deformed by LeucochJoridium; natural size. D, Leucochloridium removed from the tentacle; natural size (after Zeller). E, Bucephalus polymorphus; highly magnified (after Ziegler). F, Portion of a sporocyst containing Bucephali in process of development; x about 50 (after Lacaze-Duthiers).

The threads within the Succinea contain only granular cells&amp;gt; whilst the contractile sac is occupied by an organism ovoid in form, with a thick clear border, the rudiments of two suckers, a digestive tract, and excretory system.

Bilharzia hxmatobia, Cobbold (1), is one of the most dangerous human parasites, and occurs in the blood of the portal vein and in the veins of the mesentery and bladder. The sexes are distinct, the female being from 16 to 20 mm. in length, and somewhat resembling a Nematodc on superficial examination. The male is only from 10 to 14 mm. in length, but much thicker. The surface of the female is covered with fine spines most distinct towards the tail; at the anterior pointed extremity is the oral sucker, from which a narrow opening leads into a wide pharynx, followed by the intestine, which at first forms two branches, these again uniting posteriorly to Ihe generative organs. The ventral sucker is placed only 0-2 mm. behind the oral one, and it is immediately succeeded by a long narrow groove, which extends down the ventral surface and corresponds to the cunalis gynsecpphorus of the male (see fig. 4, A).

The stages in the life-history of Gasterostomum are so remarkable that a short account of them must be given. From the egg there escapes (1) a club-shaped embryo, which in a manner hitherto unobserved enters the freshwater mussel, Anodonta or Unio, where it forms (2) the sporocyst (fig. 4, F); this is several centi metres long and provided with lateral branches; it oecurs chiefly in the liver and ovary, and it is best developed near the skin. The wall of the sporocyst consists of cells, muscles, and perhaps a cuticle; the extremities are pointed and filled with cells, and it is here that growth takes place. Within moniliform dilatations of these ramified tubes are formed balls of cells, eacli of which develops into (3) a " bucephalus." This organism (fig. 4, E) consists of a small oval body about 0-25 mm. in length with a double tail. At one extremity is a mass of glands with an imagination of the integument, which has been mistaken by many observers for the alimentary canal. This, however, opens about the middle of the body, and consists of a muscular pharynx, a forwardly directed oesophagus, and a simple saccular intestine. The excretory system terminates in an S-s iaped vesicle, which opens posteriorly in such a way that its contraction drives the fluid into the tail, whence it probably finds its exit by osmosis. Traces of genital organs are found in the form of an elongated plug of cells in the hinder fourth of the body, and two rounded masses of undifferentiated cells situated dorsally. The tail is double, and from about 5 to 2-5 mm. long according to its state of contraction. Each hulf consists of a spheroidal basal portion, and an elongated tapering filament. These caudal appendages contain many nucleated connectivetissue cells with fine protoplasmic processes. The larva: swim freely in the water, but sink and perish after about twelve hours, unless they enter the mouth of certain fishes (e.g., Leuciscus erythrophthalmus), when (4) they lose their tails and become encapsuled under the skin. The generative organs now become further developed; cuticular spines and the anterior sucker are formed. If the fish thus infected be swallowed by a pike or perch the cyst is dissolved, and the worms (5) become adult, continue to live in the intestine, and produce eggs. For further details, see Ziegler (12).

Phylogenetic Relations.—The detailed comparisons of Van Beneden (9) and the subsequent researches of others leave no doubt that the Trematoda are closely related to the Ccstoda. A consideration of their peculiarities leads moreover to the opinion that the former are more primitive than the latter; that is to say, the common ancestors of the two groups resembled Trematodes rather than Cestodes. The ancestry of the Trematoda is probably to be sought in types such as the Planarians rather than the Leeches; characters uniting them with the former are the possession of a commonly branched alimentary canal without an anus, bait with a powerful pharynx; the generative system is hermaphrodite, and similar arrangements obtain in the excretory vessels, nerves, and muscles, while histological agreements also are not wanting. Furthermore, certain forms are known which help to fill up the gap between the two groups: Monocelis caudatiis has a discoid posterior organ of attachment, und M. jjrotractilis a true sucker. Such forms as these could scarcely be distinguished from ectoparasitic Trematodes ex cept for their ciliated epithelium (Leuckart, 1). In this connexion, however, it is worth while to call attention to the researches of Fewkes (40) on a marine cercai ia, which had a tail distinctly annelid in character, with bundles of bristles disposed at intervals along it. Compare also Schauinsland (41).

Bibliography. (1) Jackson, in Rolleston's Forms of Animal Life, 2d ed., Oxford, 1887; other important text-books are Leuckart, Parasilen des Alenschen, Leipsic, 1863, new edition and English translation in preparation; Kuchenmeister und Ziirn, Parasiten des Afen&chen, Leipsic, 1881; Cobbold, Entozoa, London, 1864; Id., Parasites, 1879; (2) Rudolph!, Entozoorum Hist. Nat., Amsterdam, 1808-9, and Entozoorum Synopsis, Berlin, 1819; (3) Cuvier, Regne animal, Paris, 1829; (4) Von Siebold, Arcliivf. Naturgesch., i., 1835; (5) Von Baer, Nova Acta Acad. Cses. Leap., xiii., 1826; (6) Steenstrup, Alternation of Generations, Huy Society, 8vo, London, 1845; (7) Pagenstechcr, Trematodenlarven und Trematoden, Heidelberg, 1857; (8) Diesing, Systema Jlelminthum, Vienna, 1850; (9) Van Heneden, "Versintestinaux," Comptes Rendus, Paris, 1861; (10)Sommer. Ztschr. iciss. Zool., xxxiv., 1880; (11) Herbert, Archie f. mikr. Anat., xix., 1881; (12) Ziegler, Ztschr. wiss. Zoo!., xxxix., 1883; (13) Schwarze, Op. cit., xliii., 1886; (14) Metschnikoff, Quart. Jour. Micr Sci., xxiv., 1884; (15) Fraipont, Arch. d. Biol., i., 1880, ii.. 1881; (16) Pintner. Arb. Znol. Jmt. Vien, iii., 1880; (17) Van Beneden and Lankester, Zool. Anz., iv., 1881, v. 1882; (18) Zeller, Zlschr. wiss. Zool., xxii., 1872, xxvii., 1876; (19) Poirier, Arch. Zool. Exper., iii., 1885; (20) Looss, Ztschr. wins. Zool., xli., 1885; (21) Lorenz, Arb. Zool. lust. Wien, i., 1878; (22) Stieda, Reiehert, and Du Bois Reymond's Archiv, 1881; (23) Zaddach, Zool. Anz., iv., 1881; (24) Lang, Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, ii., 1881; (25) Thomas, Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., xxiii., 1883, also Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc., xix., 1883; (26) Leuckart Zool. Anz., v., 1882; (27) Jackson, Op. cit., vi., 1883: (28) Sonsino, Arch. Jtal. Biol., vi., 1885; (29) Ercolani, Mem. Acad. Sci. hut. Bologna, [4], ii., 1882, iii., 1883, also abstract, Arch. Jtal. Biol., i., 1882; (30) Taschenberg, Ztschr. gesammt. Naturw.,i., 1879; (31) Wierzcjski, Ztschr. wiss. Zool., xxix., 1877; (32) Huxley, Anat. Incert. Anim., London, 1877; (33) Wagener, Arch. f. Anat. v. Phys., 1860; (34) Wright, I roc. Canad. Jnst., i., 1884; (35) Moniez, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, xi., 188fi; (36) Bell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., [5], xix., 1887; (37) Lejtenyi, Abhandl. Senck. Gesellsch., xii., 1881; (38) Poirier, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris, (7), vii., 1883; (39) Cunningham, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., xxxii., 1884; (40) Fewkes, Amer. Jour. Sci., (3), xxiii., 1882; (41) Schauinsland, Jena Z.-ilschr., xvi., 1883; (42) Poirier, Arch. Zoul. Exper., [2], v., 1887; (43) Von Linstow, Archiv f. Naturgesch., xliii., 1877; (44) brock, Gottinger Nachrichten, 1887; (45) Wright and Macallum, Amer. Jour. Morph., i., 1887.

 TRENCH, (1807-1886), archbishop of Dublin, poet, scholar, and divine, was born at Dublin, September 9, 1807, and graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1829. While incumbent of Curdridge Chapel, near Bishop Waltham in Hampshire, he published (1835) The Story of Justin Martyr and other Poems, which, having been very favourably received, was followed in 1838 by Sabbation, Honor Neale, and other Poems, and in 1842 by Poems from Eastern Sources. These volumes revealed the author as decidedly the most gifted