Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 23.djvu/441

Rh TIVERTON, a borough of Devonshire, England, is finely situated in the midst of beautiful scenery at the con fluence of the Lowman and the Exe, 14 J miles north of Exeter and 184 west-south-west of London. A branch line connects it with the Great Western, and the Exe Valley Railway with Exeter and Dulverton. The greater part of the town is on the left bank of the Exe; the four principal streets are wide and regular. Since 1262, when Amicia, countess of Devon, caused a stream of water to be directed from Norwood to Tiverton, a distance of 5 miles, every street has had a constantly flowing supply. At points now spanned by bridges there were formerly two fords, one over the Exe and the other over the Lowman; hence Twofordton and Twyfordton the former names of the town. There still remain the principal gateway and an octagonal turret of the ancient castle (now a private residence), built in 1106 by Richard de Riparus or Redvers, first earl of Devon, and the chief residence of the Redvers till the execution of Henry Courtenay, marquis of Exeter, in 1539. The most ancient part of the church of St Peter is the Norman doorway; the embattled western tower is 120 feet in height. For BlundelPs free grammar-school (1604) new buildings have recently been erected in the Tudor style. Among other educational establishments are the school of science and art, the blue coat charity school (1714; re established as a middle boys and middle girls school in 1876), and the Chilcott free school (1611). The other principal public buildings are the market-house (1830-31), the infirmary (1852), the town-hall (1864), and several almshouses. Tiverton was formerly famed for its woollen manufacture, introduced in the 14th century; its annual returns in 1612 were estimated at 300,000, about 8000 persons being employed in the industry. It is now chiefly noted for its lace manufacture, established by John Heathcoat, the inventor of the bobbin net frame. The population of the municipal borough (area, 17,491 acres) in 1871 was 10,024, and in 1881 it was 10,462.

The town existed in Saxon times. In the reign of Edward the Confessor it was held by vassals or servants, and in Domesday it is entered as terra regis. In 1200 it had a market and three annual fairs. After the introduction of the woollen trade in 1353 it rapidly increased, and Camden states that the trade had brought it " much gain and glory. " The town and castle were taken by Fairfax in 1645. Tiverton suffered from the plague in 1591 (when it had 5000 inhabitants), and from fire in 1598, 1612, and 1731. It was incorporated by James I. in 1615; but in 1732 its charter was forfeited, and a second was not bestowed till 1737. The borough was deprived of parliamentary representation in 1885.

See Harding's History of Tiverton, 2 vols., 1845.

 TIVOLI (Lat. Tibur), a town of Italy, situated 17 miles east -north -east of Rome on one of the spurs of Monte Ripoli, 830 feet above the sea. Its position is very striking and beautiful; it stands partly at the edge of the lofty cliff over which the river Anio falls in a most imposing mass of water. The present aspect of the fall is very different from what it was in ancient times, as the water has undermined and carried away great masses of the rock. In 1881 the population of the town was 9730, and of the commune 10,297.

Ancient Tibur was founded, according to the legend adopted by the Roman poets, many centuries before Rome, by the Siculi. They were expelled by a Greek named Tiburtus, the son of Catillus, who became the eponymous hero of Tibur. During the early historic period Tibur, which stood on the borders of the Sabine territory, was always a bitter enemy of Rome, and on many occasions allied itself to various peoples, even the Gauls, in their attacks on the city. With the rest of Latium, Tibur was finally conquered by Rome in 335 B.C., and on account of its constant enmity was treated with much severity, not being admitted to the Roman franchise till towards the close of the republican period. Almost no mention of Tibur occurs during the time of the empire; but the town is recorded to have suffered severely during the Gothic invasion in the 6th century.

Remains of its city wall still exist, built of squared blocks of tufa; but the whole circuit is not clearly determinable. Even the site of the large and wealthy temple of Hercules is doubtful, which stood in an extensive temenos, containing libraries and a porticus, where Augustus sometimes administered justice. At the edge of the cliff still stands a small circular temple, of doubtful dedication, which once had eighteen columns, and closely resembled that in the Forum Boarium of Rome. Its cella walls are of concrete faced with opus reticulatum, and its columns of travertine; it dates from about the time of Christ. Its popular name is the "temple of the Sibyl." Close by is another small prostyle -tetrastyle temple resembling that (so called) of Fortuna Virilis in Rome. Remains of the circuit wall of the forum also exist, Avith a large apsidal projection, as well as an extensive crypto -porticus, faced Avith blank arcading and divided internally by a row of twenty-eight columns. Tibur was a favourite summer residence of many wealthy Romans under the empire, and especially of Horace and Maecenas. One of the chief aqueducts of Rome, "Anio vetus," started from the Anio at Tibur. The ancient "lapis Tiburtinus" (modern travertine) was so called from its chief quarries at Tibur, where it has been during long ages deposited by the water of the river Anio.

Hadrian's villa, which stands at the foot of the Tibur spur of hill about 2 miles distant, is one of the most important Roman remains in the world. Between 1870 and 1882 the greater part of its immense area was excavated; the whole circuit was once no less than 8 miles. The scheme of this wonderful group of buildings was the fancy of the rich and highly educated emperor Hadrian, who desired to reproduce, within a short distance of Rome, a number of the chief Greek sites and buildings which he had visited in different parts of the world. Besides his own palace he built a large stoa pcecile, copied from that at Athens, an odeum, a lyceum, an academy (with its gardens, halls, and porticus), libraries, Latin and Greek theatres, a stadium, palaestra, hippo drome, baths, and many temples. Large gardens, divided into an artificial "Vale of Tempe," "Elysian Fields," and "Tartarus," were watered by a winding stream named the " Euripus. " In another place stood a "serapeum," copied from that at Alexandria, and filled with pseudo-Egyptian statues and reliefs, many of which have been recently unearthed. Barracks for the praetorian guard and rows of dwellings for slaves completed this magnificent group of buildings. In many parts the existing remains are well pre served and in some cases the uses of the different buildings can be determined. The main walls are of concrete faced with mixed brick and opus reticulatum, once wholly covered with magnificent Oriental marbles and crowded with fine Greek and Graeco-Roman sculpture; mosaic of marble and glass was lavishly used for floors, walls, and vaults, together with the most elaborate painted decorations. A large number of fine works of art have been discovered here, such as the mosaic of " Pliny's doves " and the Faun in rosso antico now in the Capitol. It is probable that the Venus de Medici came from this villa, together with many other statues found in the 16th century whose provenance is now forgotten.

 TLAXCALA (Tlascala, i.e., " House of Bread "), an historical city of Mexico, capital of the state of Tlaxcala, which nearly coincides with the old native republic of Tlaxcala, occupying the easternmost of the four sections into which the Anahuac plateau is here divided by ranges of hills, between 19 and 20 N. lat. The modern town, standing on the site of the old Indian capital, lies (in 19* 19 N. lat., 98 6 W. long.) on the little river Papagallo (Atoyac, formerly Zahuatl), which flows between two hills at an altitude of considerably over 7000 feet, some 30 miles north of La Puebla and 170 by rail from Vera Cruz. Tlaxcala was founded probably about the close of the 13th century, when the Tlaxcaltecs, a branch of the Nahuatl race closely akin to the Aztecs, withdrew from the western side of the central lacustrine district and established a powerful democratic state in a somewhat secluded, hill -encircled, but highly productive tract, 90 miles in length by 70 in breadth, with a total area of over 1550 square miles. The Tlaxcaltecs, hereditary foes of the Aztecs, became, after a short resistance (September 1519), the firm allies of the Spaniards, their co-operation contributing largely, if not mainly, to the overthrow of