Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 23.djvu/403

Rh  chronological list of his writings is appended to Köpke's work.

 TIEDEMANN, (1781—1861), German anatomist and physiologist, the son of a philosopher and psychologist of considerable repute, was born at Cassel on 23d August 1781. He graduated in medicine at Marburg in 1804, but soon abandoned practice owing to disappointment at his failure to check his father's last illness. Repelled on the one hand by the brilliant but unsubstantial discourses of Schelling on the "Naturphilosophie," and attracted on the other hand by the practical skill and intelligence of the surgical anatomist Sömmering, he returned to the study of natural science. He betook himself to Paris, and became an ardent follower of Cuvier. On his return to Germany he maintained the claims of patient and sober anatomical research against the prevalent speculations of the school of Oken (see and ), whose foremost antagonist he was long reckoned. His manifold labours in the ﬁeld of Cuvierian anatomy cannot be recorded here; but his remarkable studies of the development of the human brain, as correlated with his father's studies on the development of intelligence, may be mentioned. He spent most of his life (from 1816) as professor of anatomy and physiology at Heidelberg, and died at Munich on 22d January 1861.  T'IENTSIN is the largest in, the metropolitan  of. It is situated in 39° 7′  N.  and 117°  11′  E., at the junction of the  and the , which is connected by the  with the. It is a, and the residence of the  of  during a great portion of the. The is  on a vast , which extends from the s beyond  to the , and through which the  runs a circuitous course, making the distance by  from T'ientsin to the  about 70  s, as against 35  s by. The of the surrounding country being strongly impregnated with  and  is not fertile, but produces  and other coarse s. The s are well, though not always kept in good order, and measure about three quarters of a  each way. As in all, the more wealthy inhabitants live in the , but even their s have a mean appearance, being built mainly of  or dried s. The s are for the most part , and in  are little better than s. Some improvements have, however, been made in this respect of late. The has always been a great  depôt. In the foreign  amounted to 3,226,972 and the s to 980,852, and 375 foreign  of 279,829 s visited the,  to the value of about 904,496 being landed for carriage overland, via  and , to. During the the  is frozen, so that  has to be carried on overland to  on the, to which point also a line of  (now extended to ) was opened in. The principal articles of are s, s,,  and , , , , , , ese , and ; and of , ,  and ,  , , , , , and. The ed is brought from the   to the east of T'ientsin; its output in  was 181,039 tons, 54,976 tons more than in. An al nearly two s long has lately been constructed at T'ientsin.

In T'ientsin was besieged by an  of, which had been detached from the main force at  for the capture of. The of T'ientsin, however, saved the capital, and the rebels were forced to retreat. , accompanied by the of,  up the , after having forced the  at , and took peaceable possession of the. Here the of  was signed. , in consequence of the treacherous attack made on the   at, the  and  were occupied by an   and  , and were held for two s. The  was constituted an open. On the establishment of s some s later the pretensions of the s so irritated the people that on the occurrence of an  in the s they attacked the  and n establishments and ed twenty of the foreign inmates, besides numbers of their  followers. The at once suppressed the, and sent a  to  to apologize for the outbreak.

 TIERNEY, (1761–1830), an English Whig politician, was born at Gibraltar on 20th March 1761, being the son of a wealthy merchant resident in Spain. He was sent to Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he took the degree of LL.D. in 1784, and was called to the bar; but, having inherited an ample fortune, he abandoned law and plunged into politics. He contested Colchester in 1788, when both candidates received the same number of votes, but Tierney was declared elected. He was, however, defeated in 1790. He sat for Southwark from 1796 to 1806, and then represented in turn Athlone (1806–7), Bandon (1807–12), Appleby (1812–18), and Knaresborough (1818–30). When Fox seceded from the House of Commons, Tierney became a prominent, if not the leading, opponent of Pitt's policy. It was perhaps for this reason that he was disliked by Fox. In 1797—such was the height of political passion at this epoch—Wilberforce noted in his diary that Tierney's conduct was "truly Jacobinical"; and in May 1798 Pitt accused him of want of patriotism. As the words were not withdrawn, a duel ensued at Putney Heath on Sunday, 27th May 1798; but neither combatant was injured. In 1803 Tierney, partly through gratitude for the peace which had been ratiﬁed with France and partly because Pitt was out of office, joined the ministry of Addington as treasurer of the navy, and was created a privy councillor; but this ill-advised step alienated many of his supporters among the middle classes, and offended most of the inﬂuential Whigs. On the death of Fox he joined (1806) the Grenville ministry as president of the board of control, with a seat in the cabinet, and thus brought himself once more into line with the Whigs. After the death of Ponsonby in 1817 Tierney became the recognized leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. In the neutral ministry of Canning, the place of master of the mint was held by him, and when Lord Goderich succeeded to the lead Tierney was admitted to the cabinet; but he was already suffering from ill-health and took little part in its deliberations. He died suddenly at Savile Row, London, on 25th January 1830.

Tierney was a shrewd man of the world, with a natural aptitude for business. His powers of sarcasm were a cause of terror to his adversaries, and his presence in debate was much dreaded. His arguments were felicitous, and, though he never aimed at the highest ﬂights of eloquence, his choice of language was the theme of constant admiration. Lord Lytton, in his poem of St Stephen's, alludes to "Tierney's airy tread," and praises his "light and yet vigorous" attack, in which he inﬂicted, "with a placid smile," a fatal wound on his opponent.

 TIERRA DEL FUEGO, a large archipelago at the southern extremity of South America, from which it is separated by Magellan Strait, at the Narrows and other points scarcely a mile wide. The group lies between 52° 40' and 55° 59' S. lat. and 63° 30' and 74° 35' W. long. stretching nearly in a line with the Patagonian Andes for over 400 miles north-west and south-east, between Capes Pillar and Horn, and for about 270 miles west and east from Cape Pillar to Cape Espiritu Santo (Catherine Point) in the north; southwards it tapers to 120 miles between Capes Horn and St Diego, the latter being continued eastwards to Staten Island, which is not usually included in the group. Although on ordinary maps this region presents to the eye a hopelessly confused aggregate of islands,