Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 22.djvu/413

 S P E E C H-S O U N D S 389 V. (v, A). (v) S 5 i, C iv 11, E t'eal, voiced (f), easy for E, F, IT, hopeless to G, SP, AR, MO, and Hungarian. Indians use (v) with lower lip against upper teeth, but the dentality is not prominent ; they read SN ^ in this fashion when not following a con- sonant ; when it does, it reverts to (ii) rather than to (w), (A) (wh) (u-j) as (anusiiaara), not (anuswaara). In Bengali both are called (b), which may be compared with sr (bh) for (b, v). a turned v, regarded as an imperfect N, without the last upstroke, >>, after a vowel represents F nasality, art. 11, and used also for that of PR and modern Indian, in which the nasality seems much harsher, written like Greek rj. W. (w wh, w ivj, 'w). (w) S 5 h, C iv 13, E we (wii), with which compare F vie (vii), oiti (ui) and G ;ie (bhii) ; possibly AR y. S 1 h, Ciii 13, E whey, which, wheel, whale, as distinct from way, witch, weal, wail the distinction, however, is nearly obliterated by received speakers, who use (w) for both (w, wh), which is like saying real, rale, -die for/eel, /ail, /lie ; yet they laugh at the Somersetshire peasant for using initial (v) for (f). Some consider (wh) to be (hw), meaning (whw), and others to be (hii). a modifier to show labialization, art. 12, see (kw). art. 12, symbol of LLB.'s presumed palato-labialization, by attempting to pronounce (y) at the same time as a preceding consonant, as F lui, nuit, which on this hypothesis are (Jw'ji, x ni#ji), and not ( v lyi, ,nyi). ('w) an indefinite vowel sound approaching to (u), towards which E (oo) vanishes, art. 6. Y. (y yi, y lt y Y). (y) V 28, T 16. B. and E. hear this in F wne. Sw. thinks the F sound to be (i). Sv., speaking of the two series of vowels (i 9 ah) and (y ce ash), says what is equivalent to close G ii in wber = (a), the lips being often pressed against the teeth ; open G M in hittte = (a^, somewhat more open than (a) ; close G S in schon = (ce) ; open G 6 in bocke = (sell). Sv. also makes F u in luue and DN y in lys = (i) ; F eu in pew = (a) ; SWD 6 in for = (ah), which last he believes to be the vowel nasalized in F un. Sw. also makes DN y in lyst = (y) and F eu in pe?*ple = (ce) (yi) art. 7v, F hile, see also (wj). (yi) intermediate between (y, a), frequent in west Somerset and Devon, where it replaces the received long (uu) and the received diphthong (m). (y) V 14. B. considers that E (i, i, e e) when unaccented tend to (y), as in return, limit, Saint Paul's, captain, there is, and regularly unaccented the. Sw. hears it as occ. E in pretty. E. has not observed this change. (Y) V 13. B. hears it long in American sir. Sw. 1 says "the only Russian vowel which offers any special difficulty is the bi, first correctly identified by B. as (Y)." Lepsius 2 de- scribes it as having (u)-tongue and (i)-lips, which would give (a?), and not (Y). Sw. 3 also identifies both North Welsh u and occ. y, as in sut, ty, with (Y), replaced by (i) in South Wales. The PL and Bohemian y have the same sound. Z. (z zh zhj zj, x z x zh, z). (z) S 5 e, C iv 9, E zeal, buzz, not in SP or Indian, (zh) S5/, Civ 7, E division, F j. St. 4 says the E and F sounds are different, the F being more dental, (zhj) C iv 8, voiced (shj), found in E (dj = djzhj). (zj) Civ 6, PL lez', voiced (sj), palatalized (z), art. 12. ( v z) C iv 9, IT lo zelo, according to LLB. Usually conceived as (^d v z), voiced ( x s), which see. ( 4 zh) voiced ( v sh), which see, heard by LLB. in IT regio, usually accepted as Cd^zh), for which the Englishman's (dj) is sufficiently intelligible. (z) AR U (zaa). Lepsius considers this to be a close and emphatic (dh)- that is, (.dh 1 ), see (K) but that in some places it is incorrectly pronounced as an emphatic (.z) and in others as an emphatic (. v d). NUMERALS, (g g gh f q i g, l l 4 5 ). (Z) Kaffre reverted click = (T$), see (Jh) under H, Appleyard's q. (g) AR c (gain), see art. 5 (4). (gh) "trilled wheeze," differing from (h) solely by a rattle of mucus. (f) Hottentot bilateral palatal click, Boyce's qc = (tj+), see (+h). (c) Kaffre dental click, Appleyard's c = ( v tj), see (jh). 1 " Russian Pronunciation," in Trans. Philol. Soc., 1877-79, p. 544. s " Die Arabischen Sprachlaute und Sclavisches y," in Tratis. Berlin Acad. Kci., 1861, p. 150. 3 "Spoken North Welsh," in Trans. Philol. Soc., 1882-84. 4 Ibid., p. 43. (l) Kaffre unilateral palatal click, Appleyard's x = (tjSJ), E click to start a horse, see (h) and (ISh). (g) Waco (North -American Indian) guttural click = (Kj),see(Jh). ( ] ) modifier, meaning properly "with raised tongue," used laxly, see (K). d) modifier, meaning properly "with lowered tongue," used very laxly, as in (a ls yi, u, p 1; b,, phj, bhj), which see. ( 4 ) modifier, meaning "internally rounded" by compressing arches of palate, art. 4, as in a parrot's puss (p 4 M 4 s). ( 5 ) modifier, meaning "with projecting lips," compare (pws, P 5 w 5 s, p 4 M 4 s), and Devon (ao'jv"), art. 7 iii. POINTS. (, ; f : . ' " c ). clear glottid, art. 5 (1). check glottid, AR hauiza, art. 5 (3). ('. ) suddenly stop, or absence of recoil in the pause, as( :sBrae'wak! ), not (:suraa'wak'). (1) after a vowel shows that the syllable has a secondary stress, as ( no nirinee 'siren) nomination ; (2) before a whole word indicates the secondary emphasis usually shown by a capital, as (pAAl, :pAAl) pall, Paul. (. ) before a letter shows that it is especially strongly uttered, emphasis on a single element, as (.hset, h.aet, hte.t) /tat, hat, liat, as distinct from "at, hot, had," see (K). (1) after a vowel shows that the syllable containing it has the principal stress ; (2) prefixed to a word shows it to be emphatic, a substitute for italics, as ('wil)! kam ? wil "hii k9m?) ivill he come ? will he come ? art. 14. (') (1) before (h), see ('h) under H, crude voice; (2) before voiced letters, rendering the voice syllabically prominent, see ('1 'm 'n), &c. ; (3) more laxly used in ('j, 'w) for indefinite vowels near(i, u); (4) after sonants, voiced recoil, as (ded') dead, art. 8. (') (1) abbreviation for ('h) flatus, which see under H ; (2) before voiced letters indicates whisper, art. 4 ; (3) after mutes, flated recoil, as (def) debt, not written unless it is neces- sary to call attention to it. (") before voiced letters, reduces them to flated, as ("ii), art. 4. after a vowel or consonant nasalized by partial opening of nasal passages, in Gaelic, south G, occ. American. ACCENTS. ('",', u m )- (') (1) mark of diphthongization, placed over or after stressed element, art. 7 ; (2) after (a) and not over it, as (a'i), dis- tinct from (ai), mark of unanalysed diphthong, art. 7. in place of ('), mark of slurred diphthongs, art. 7. (1) after a letter shows retraction, as (d /; dh, &c. ; (2) ( /; ) more retraction. ( (1) over or after a vowel denotes medial length, often united with diphthongal (') forming a circumflex, as (ai, a'Y) ; (2) after a consonant shows that it is held, the position being maintained throughout even when mute, as (det %< ) ; used for the north of England definite article (t'man) the man, distinctly different from (tman, tvman, etmaTi). Q pre- fixed to a letter means "with tongue advanced towards the teeth," see (t v d n) ; (3, 4) ( vx 4Vx ) more advanced, as (t) tongue point some way behind gums, ( t) tongue point on gums, ( u t) tongue point on teeth, ( viv t) tongue point on upper lip. SIGNS. (Jii + j ) L ). (J) abridgment of (Jh), which see under H. (j) mark of trill or flap, used in transliterating B. and Sw., thus their equivalent of (r j) = (r). (i) symbol of inspiration, art. 2(2). ( + ) symbol of glide or speech -sound with changing position, when simple juxtaposition is insufficient, arts. 2, 8. the second halif of a parenthesis ) cut at the height of a non-ascending letter, symbol of " break," showing that there is no glide between the letters juxtaposed. Thus (s + ii) is usually written (sii), but (s;ii) are the two letters and their sounds (s,ii) without any glide, of great use in theo- retical discussions. ) the second half of a parenthesis placed between two letters shows that, though they belong to different words, they run on with a glide as if they belonged to the same word, very convenient in dialect writing, as (0orjd)5rmi3n) old woman, usually written ole dumman by dialect writers ; here (') shows that (1) is held, but marks that it does not run on to the (d), which, however, is shown by ) to belong to the same word with (1), but to run on to- (a) in the next word. (L) is [ cut at the height of a non-ascending letter and shows that the letter it precedes is scarcely perceptible in speech, as (rmadlyiLdhJ Madrid. There are many more palaeotype letters and signs, here omitted for brevity, but found necessary for phonetical discussions. 21. Practical Alphabets. The above alphabetical list comprises