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 S P A S P A 365 tion in 1859 by the creation of the jocks florals, in which prizes are given to the best competitors in poetry, of whom some succeed in obtaining the diploma of mestre en gay saber. It is of course impossible to foresee the future of this new Catalan literature, whether it is indeed destined for that brilliant career which the Catalans them- selves anticipate. In spite of the unquestionable talent of poets like Mariano Aguilo (Majorca), Teodoro Llorente (Valencia), and, among the younger of them, Jacinto Verdaguer (Catalonia), author of an epic poem Atlantida and of very fascinating Cants Mistichs, it is by no means certain that this generation will be succeeded by another to follow in its footsteps, or that such a restoration of a provincial literature has much chance of permanence at the very moment when all the peoples of Europe are tend- ing rather towards unity and centralization in the matter of language. At all events, in order to secure even a comparative success for such a revival, it would be well if the language serving as its instrument were some- what more fixed, and if its writers would no longer hesitate, as they at present do, between a pretentious archaism and the incorrectness of the most vulgar col- loquialism. The few attempts of modern Catalans in the direction of romance writing and dramatic composition have not hitherto been particularly felicitous, and have not led to anything noteworthy. Bibliography. Jose Rodriguez, Billioteca Valentino,, 1vol. fol., Valencia, 1747 ; Ximeuo, Escritores del Eeyno de Valencia, 2 vols. fol., Valencia, 1747-49; Fuster, Biblioteca Valenciana, 2 vols. fol., Valencia, 1827-30 ; Torres Ainat, Mcmorias para ayudar a furmar un Diccionario Crltico de los Escritores Catalanes, Barcelona, 1836; supplement by J. Corminas, Burgos, 1849; F. R. Cambouliu, Etssai sur I'Histoire de la Litterature Catalane, Paris, 1858 ; A. Hel- ferrich, Raymond Lull und die Anfdnge der Catalonischen Literal nr, Berlin, 1858 (compare on the last two works the article by Ad. Ebert in the Jakrb. f. romanische u. cnglische Literatur, ii. 241) ; Manual Mild y Fontauals, De los Trovadorcs en Espana, Barcelona, 1861; Id., " Catalanische Dichter" (14th and 15th centuries), in Jahrb. f. rom. Lit., v. 137; Id., " Keseuya Historica Critica dels Antichs Poetas Catalans," in the Jocks Florals of Barcelona for 1865; Id., various articles in the Revue des Langucs Romanes; P. Meyer in jRomania, passim; Morel- Futio, ibid. For the modern period see Joaijuin Rubio y Ors, Breve Rcsena del Actual Renaci- micnto dc t la Lcnyua y Literatura Catalanas, Barcelona, 1877, and Tubino, Ilistoria del Renacimiento Literario Contemporanco en Cataluna, Balcarcs, y Valencia, Madrid, 1879. (A. M.-F. ) INDEX. 'Abdallah, 312. 'Abel al-Rahmrfn (Abde- rame) I.-III., 310-313. Academia Espaflola, 360. Administration, 303. Agriculture, 298. Alberoni, 337. Aleman, 357. Alfonso L-II. (Aragon), 316. Alfonso Iir., 322. Alfonso IV., 323. Alfonso V., 3i>4. Alfonso VI.-VIII. (Cas- tile), 316. Alfonso X., 318, 354. Alfonso XI., 319. Alfonso I.-III.(Leon),311. Alfonso XII. (Spain), 346. Al-IIakam I., 310. Al-IIakam II., 313. Alinansor, 314. Almohades, 316. Almoravids, 816. Alvaro de Luna, 321. Amadeus of Aosta, 346. Amadis de Gaula, 355. American possessions, 327, 340. Amirids, 314. Andalusian dialect, 351. Animals, 297. Arab rule, 309. Aragon, 312, 315, 317, 322-325. Area, 293, 297. Aribau, 364. Army, 803. Asturian dialect, 350. Baena, 355. Balearic Islands, 323. Ballot y Torres, 364. Barcelona county, 311. Berbers, 310. Berceo, 353. Bermudo I.-III. (Leon), 311, 312. Boscan, 357, 363. Breton de los Ilerreros, 361. Calderon, 359. Cancioneros, 355. Carlist War, 34<i. Carlos, Don, 345. Carlos, Don (king of Naples), 338. Carthaginian rule, 305. Castile, 312, 315, 318-322. Castile and Leon, 317. Castilian language, 349. Castilian literature, 353. Castillejo, 357. Castro, 358. Catalan language, 347. Catalan literature, 362. Catalonia, 325. Cattle, 300. Celtiberi, 305. Cervantes, 356, 357, 358. Charles I., 328. Charles II., 333. Charles III., 340. Charles IV., 342. Charles of Viana, 324. Chivalry, books of, 354. Christianity, early, 311. Christina, 345. Chronicles, 354, 363. Church, 303. Cid, 316, 353. Climate, 298. Colonies, 298, 327. Columbus, 327. Commerce, 302. Communes, rising of, 328. Crusaders, 316. D'Aranda, 341. Don Quixote, 358. Drama, Castilian, 356, 358. Education, 303. Elizabeth Farnese, 337. England,interventions of, 336, 338, 344. Espartero, 346. Espinel, 358. Esprouceda, 361. Eximeniz, 364. Exports, 302. Family compact, 339, 342. Fauna, 297. Ferdinand I. (Aragon), 324. Ferdinand I. (Castile), 315. Ferdinand III., 317. Ferdinand IV., 319, 354. Ferdinand V. and Isa- bella, 325. FerdinandVI. (Spain),339. Joanna of Castile, 327. Muntaner, 363. Ramiro I.-III., 311. Ferdinand VII., 345. John I. (Aragon), 323. Musa, 312. Religion, 303. Feyjoo, 360. John II., 324. Xaharro, 356. Richelieu, 331. Finance, 304. John I.-II. (Castile), 321. Naples acquired, 327. Ripperda, 338. Fisheries, 300. John, Don, of Austria, Napoleon I., relations Rivas, 362. Flora, 296. 332. with, 343. Rivers, 295. Florida Blanca, 340. Joseph Bonaparte, 344. Navarre, 312, 324, 325. Roads, 303. Forests, 297. Junta, Holy, 328. Navarrese-Aragonese Rodriguez of Toledo, 354. Franks, 307. Justice, 304. dialect, 351. Roig, 363. French invasion, 344. Lakes, 295. Navigation, 302. Kojas, 356, 359. Fruit, 300. Language, 346. Navy, 303. Roman rule, 305. Galician dialect, 302. Larra, 361. Netherlands, relations Romances, 354, 357, 363. Game, 297. Law, 304. with, 32S, 332. Rome, papal, relations Garcia, Vicens, 364. Leon, 311. Nimeguen treaty, 333. with, 315. Geology, 295. Leon and Castile, 317. Olivares, 331. Rosa, Martinez de la, 361. Germany, relations with, Leonese dialect, 351. Omayyads, 310. Rueda, 356. 329. Letter writers, 309. Ordoiio I.-III., 311. Ruiz, 353. Godoy, 342. Literature, 352. Oviedo, 311. Ruiz de Alarcon, 359. Gdngora, 357. Live stock, 300. Padilla, Juan de, 328. Sancho IV. (Castile), 319. Gonzales, 361. Lope de Vega, 357, 358. Padilla, Maria de, 320. Sancho I. (Leon), 311. Gothic rule, 308. Lopez de Ayala, 353. Papacy, relations with, Sancho the Great, 312. Government, 303. Lopez de Ubeda, 357. 315. Sannazaro, 357. Gracian, 360. Louis XIV. of France, Patilio, 338. Santillana, 355. Granada, 318. 335. Pedro I. (Aragon), 317. Santob, 353. Guzman, Perez de, 354. Lucas of Tuy, 354. Pedro III., 322. Seven Years' War, 339. Hammudite dynasty, 315. Luis de Leon, 357, 360. Pedro IV., 323. Seville treaty, 338. Ilapsburg line, 327, 334. Lully, 363. Pedro I. (Castile), 320. Sheep, 300. Harbours, 293. Luzan, 360. Peninsular War, 344. Shipping, 302. Henry II. (Castile), 320. Manuel, Juan, 354. Perez, Antonio, 329. Sierras, 294. Henry III. -IV., 321. Manufactures, 301. Philip I., 327. Siete Partidas, 318, 354. Henry of Trastamara, 320. March, Auzias, 363. Philip II., 329. Soleimiin, 315. Hermandad, 326. Maria Anna, 332. Philip III., 330. Spanish marriages, 346. Herrera, 357. Maria Louisa, 342. Philip IV., 331. Spanish succession, 334. Hisham II., 314. Maria Theresa of Austria, Philip V., 335. Steppes, 297. Hispania, 304. 339. Physical features, 293, Sugar culture, 300. Historical works, 359,363. Mariana, 359. 297. Tellez, 358. History, 304. Martin of Aragon, 323. Picaresque novels, 315. Theatre, 356, 358. Hita, Perez de, 358, Martinez de Toledo, 355. Poetry, 353, 360, 363. Thirty Years' War, 331. Imports, 302. Martorell, 364. Polish succession, 338. Tirso de Molina, 359. Inquisition, 329, 345. Mayans y Siscar, 360. Population, 298. Union of kingdoms, 325, Isabella I., 325. Mendoza, 357, 359. Portocarrero, 335. 326. Isabella IL, 345, 346. Mesta, La, 334. Portugal, relations with, Utrecht, treaty of, 336. Italian possessions, 327, Methuen treaty, 336. 329, 332, 333, 343. Valde's, 360, 361. 339. Minerals, 300. Portuguese language, Vega, Garcilaso de la, 357. James I. (Aragon), 317, Mohammed, 312, 314. 351. Vega, Lope de, 357, 358. 322. Mohammedan rule, 309. Post office, 303. Vidal, 363. James II., 323. Molina, Maria de, 319. Pragmatic sanction, 338. Visigothic rule, 308. Jenkins's ear, war of, 339. MontiUvo, 355. Provinces, 298. Wellington, 344. Jesuits expelled, 341 ; Montemayor, 357. Quadruple alliance, 337. West-Gothic rule, 308. restored, 345. Moors, 310 ; expelled, Quevedo, 357, 360. West Indies discovered, Jews, 308 ; expelled, 326. 330. Quiilones de Benevente, 327. Joanna Henriquez, 324. Moratin, 361. 359. Wine, 299. Joanna la Beltraneja, Moriscoes, 330. Quintana, 361. Ximenes, 327. 325. Mountains, 294. Railways, 303. Zurita, 359. SPALATIN, GEORGE (1 484-1 545). George Burkhardt, a subordinate figure of some interest in the history of the Reformation in Germany, was born on January 17, 1484, at Spalt (whence he assumed the name Spalatinus), about 25 miles from Nuremberg, where his father was an artisan. He went to Nuremberg for education when he was thirteen years of age, and two years afterwards to the university of Erfurt, where he took his bachelor's degree within a year, in 1499. There he attracted the notice of Marschalk, the most influential professor, who made Spalatin his amanu-