Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 22.djvu/306

 286 s o u s o u Kingdom, 997,785 from New South Wales, 714,272 from Victoria, 38,460 from Tasmania, 34,675 from New Zealand, 97,230 from India, 28,011 from Natal, 55,598 from Hongkong, 19,201 from Canada, 239,093 from Mauritius, 54,945 from China, 49,028 from France, 61,727 from Germany, 72,214 from Norway and Sweden, 186,236 from the United States. Of the exports, 6,623,704, there went to the United Kingdom 4,081,864; New South Wales, 773,240; Victoria, 651,019; Queensland, 255,746; Cape Colony, 249,844; India, 144,287; Western Australia, 132,554; Natal, 78,118; France, 57,500; Mauritius, 52,010; Belgium, 33,092. Among the exports during 1884 were wool, 2,616,626; wheat, 1,694,005; Hour, 794,812; copper, 469,231; sheepskins, 87,455; silver-lead, 66,592; bark, 45,049 ; jams, 35,338; horses, 30,845; tallow, 28,403; wine, 17,061; gold, 15,469. There were imported overland 411,307 sheep, and exported 168,770. Of shipping, there entered 1120 vessels of .909,335 tons, and cleared 1111 of 925,197. The British amounts were 768,301 and 783,121 tons respectively. In the Northern Territory the imports were 140,229, exports 90,411 ; the gold export for the last six months of 1885 was 33,869. The assets of the eleven hanks at the close of 1885 were 13,380,716, total deposits 5,880,950. The Govern- ment savings banks, on June 30, 1885, had 53,164 depositors, with 1,571,283 as balances five per cent, interest being allowed. Manufactures. Increased attention has been lately directed to local industries, and a more protective tariff has been enforced with a view to their development. The official returns for March 31, 1886, gave 640 works, employing 7952 men and 1350 women. Communication. The district councils have charge of many of the roads. The general dryness of the country is favourable to the condition of roads. Railways have been constructed for the con- veyance of farming produce to market, the carriage of minerals to port, and the tapping of the Murray river traffic from the east. At the beginning of 1886 there were 1211 miles of railway open, and 570 in course of construction. The working expenses during 1885 came to 386,000, and the revenue to 556,000. There are several tramways, supplementing railway traffic. Water-Supply. The Government is aiding the railway movement for opening out the interior by the construction of waterworks and public reservoirs. To supply Adelaide, independently of the Torrens river, there has been an expenditure of 866,942. Kapunda has a reservoir of 41,200,000 gallons; Port Pirie of 25,700,000; Mount Barker of 6,000,000; Port Augusta of 666,000; Mount Gambier and Gawler each of 279,000. There are large storage tanks at many places, e.g., for 810,000 gallons at Moonta. Administration. The governor is the representative of the crown. The legislative council, of twenty-four members, one third retiring every three years, is chosen by 32, 000 electors. The house of assembly, of fifty-two members, is appointed for three years by 60,000 electors. Responsible government dates from 1856. The public debt, contracted for useful public works, was 18,000,000 in 1886. For the year 1884-85 the revenue was 2,157,931, but expenditure was 2,430,513. A revision of the tariff was necessary. Customs yielded 511,230; railways, 662,455, against working expenses 411,850; land sales, 333,369; land rents, 132,013; waterworks, 72,366. The expenditure included 311,189 for public works, besides loans; police, 102,784; civil establish- ments, 73,828 ; legal, 50,051 ; charitable institutions, 86,968 (there being no poor law) ; military defences, 39,473 ; immigra- tion, 31,129, &c. The Northern Territory gave 71,518 as re- ceipts to the state, but Avith 85,000 charges. The revenue for 1885-86 was 2,279,039, and the expenditure 2,383,290. No Australasian colony has done so much for the good of the aborigines and the advance of good morals as South Australia. The adminis- tration is just and firm, being well sustained by public sentiment. Education. Not being so wealthy as its eastern neighbours, the colony has not been able to devote so large an amount to schools ; still, a grant of 126,000 was made during 1884-85 towards the instruction of 50,000 pupils. Of 450 schools, half are called public, half provisional for thinly-peopled districts. Payment from scholars is not dispensed with as in. Victoria. Lands are being set apart as educational grants for the future. All religious denominations are equal in the sight of the law, none receiving any state aid. Bible reading is sanctioned before school hours, and any religious lessons may be given at the close of school time. The Adelaide university, so richly endowed by the colonists, re- ceires an annual grant of 2550 from the local parliament. Population. Including the Northern Territory, the population was returned in 1881 as 279,865 (149,530 males, 130,335 females), in addition to 6346 aborigines (3478 males, 2868 females). The births during 1885 were 12,046, and the deaths 3987 (2205 males and 1782 females).. Classed at the last census according to religion, the population may be thus stated : Church of England, 76,000 ; Roman Catholic, 42,920 ; Wesleyans, 42,103 ; Lutherans, 19,617 ; Presbyterians, 17,917 ; Baptists, 14,000 ; Bible Christians, 10,500 ; Primitive Methodists, 10,350 ; Congregationaliste, 9908. The population in the Northern Territory, 3500, contains only about a hundred females, but has 3000 Chinamen. More than h/ilf the people of South Australia, whether of English or German parentage, are native-born. In 1886 the population was 825,000. History. Though the coast of Northern Territory was well known to Portuguese and Spanish navigators as early as perhaps 1530, being called Great Java, it was not surveyed till 1644, when Tasmau laid down the line of shore pretty accurately. The- western part of the southern coast had been seen and named Nuyt's Land in 1627. But Flinders, by his discovery of the two great gulfs, Kangaroo Island, and Encounter Bay, in 1802, was the first to reveal South Australia proper. Captain Sturt descended the Murray in 1830, and looked over the hills near Adelaide. The first to direct attention to a settlement there was Major Baron, who communicated with the colonial office in February 1831. His suggestion was to establish, at no charge to the British Government, a private company, that should settle a party on Yorke Peninsula. He believed a large river entered Spencer Gulf. In August Colonel Torrens and others proposed to purchase land between 132 and 141 500,000 acres at 5s. an acre. Some were in favour of Spencer Gulf, others of Kangaroo Island, and a few for the mainland towards the Murray. Memorialists in 1832 sought a charter for the South Australian Association, giving extensive powers of self-government. Laud sales were to pay the passages of free labour, chiefly young married people, and no con- victs were ever to be sent thither. Lord Goderich did not favour the scheme, and thought a colony with free institutions might prejudice the interests of New South Wales, while free tracfe ' would interfere with the English navigation laws. After muclu negotiation, the English authorities regarded the scheme more favourably, but would not consent to give the company the powers they sought. The company receded in their demands, and offered' security for the proper observance of law and order, while deposit- ing cash for the purchase of land. Captain Sturt in 1834 informed the colonial secretary that Spencer Gulf and Kangaroo. Island were objectionable, but that the eastern side of St Vincent Gulf was the best locality. In 1835 the ministry got an Act passed for the erection of a colony, under commissioners appointed by the crown, who would be responsible for their acts to the Britii-H Government. It was arranged that a local government should be established when the settlement had 50,000 people. Mr George Fife Angas advanced a large sum as security to the state. Though the first settlers were sent to Kangaroo Island, all were afterwards gathered on the Adelaide plains. The colony was proclaimed under a gum tree, December 28, 1836. Great delay took place in the survey of land. The South Australian Company purchased large tracts from the commissioners at 12s. per acre and sold at 20s. A general speculative spirit arrested progress. Governor Gawler went into extravagant outlay on public buildings, &c., and drew against orders upon the English treasury. Such difficulties arose that the British rulers had to suspend the charter in 1841 and make South Australia a crown colony. A revival of prosperity took place when the farms were tilled and poverty had taught prudence. Copper and lead mines were subsequently discovered. Kapunda in 1843, and the Burra Burra copper mine in 1845, greatly aided in the restoration of commercial credit. The gold fever in Victoria drew off numbers in 1852 ; but the good prices then realized for breadstuff's gave a great impetus to farming. It deserves to be mentioned that rarely if ever has a colony been so favoured as South Australia in the character of its early settlers. (J. BO. ) SOUTH BEND, a city of the United States, the county seat of St Joseph county, Indiana, received its name from its position at a great bend of the St Joseph rive'r, which is navigable to this point from its mouth at St Joseph -on Lake Michigan. By railway the city is 85 miles east of Chicago. It is a great manufacturing centre, with iron- works, carriage, waggon, plough, and- sewing machine factories, flour-mills, paper-mills, &c. The court-house is one of the best buildings in the State ; and the Roman Catholic university of Notre Dame, St Mary's academy, and St Joseph's academy are institutions of some import- ance. The population of the city numbered 1G52 in 1850, 7206 in 1870, and 13,280 in 1880. SOUTH CAROLINA, one of the original thirteen Plate States of the American Union, commonly known as the Palmetto State, from the abundance of this kind of 'palm on the coast, once formed a part of that vast territory of the New World claimed by the Spaniards under the name of Florida and by the French under that of New France ; or, to be more concise, it comprised the southern or lower portion of what was formerly styled Carolina, and subse- quently divided into North and South Carolina. It lies