Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 21.djvu/630

Rh G04 SEAMANSHIP ladder with wooden steps. Jaw-rope, to confine the jaws of a gaff to the mast Jeers, a heavy purchase for swaying up the fore and main yards. Jewel-block, at the extremity of a yard for the studding-sail halyards. Jew's harp, a shackle at the head of an anchor. Jigger, a small handy tackle with a double and a single block. Junk, old cable or large rope, used for making swabs, mats, spun- yarn, &c. Jury-mast, jury-yard, jury-rudder, temporary substitutes for mast, &C, Keckle, to pass old rope round a hemp cable to protect it from chafing. Kedging, to move by means of warps and kedge anchors. Keelson, a timber inside on top of the keel. Keep away, steer farther from the wind. Keep her full, the helmsman to keep the sails full of wind. Keep your luff and keep to the u-ind, synonymous expressions. Kink, a knotty twist in rope; a bend in wire-rope which is difficult to straighten. Knees, angular supports of iron or wood. KnittU-stu/, small line made by hardening two or three rope-yarns and twisting them together. Knot, a geographical mile (see art. Loo). Lacings, small lines securing sails and other things. Landfall, finding the hind as expected. Landlocked, protected by land in every direction. Lanyard, a rope for tightening larger ropes ; a line to fasten knives, marling-spikes, &c. Larboard, the old name for the left side, now called port. Lash, to secure two or more things together by ropes. Lay to, to wait ; to heave to. Lazy-guy, a rope or tackle on a spanker-boom or main-booui to keep it steady. Lead, the weight for ascertaining the depth of water. Lead, the lead of a rope is its proper direction through the blocks. Leech, either side of a square sail and the lee-side of all others (see " luff"). Leech-lines, on courses only, to haul the leech of the sail close up to the fore-side of the yard. Lee lurch, a deep roll to lee- ward. Lee shore, a shore upon which the wind blows directly and which is unsheltered. Lee fide, the side farthest from the wind, either inside or outside the ship. Under the lee, a ship is so spoken of in relation to the land by which it is protected ; similarly a boat may be said to be "under the lee" of a ship. Lee-way, the distance a ship drifts out of her course, indicated by the angle formed by the wake. Legs, spars carried by cutters to keep them upright when on the ground. Life-lines, small ropes to steady the men when standing on the yards, to hold by when being lowered in boats, and for similar purposes. Lift, a rope near the extremity of each yard to top it up, i.e., lift it. Limbers, boards or plates to keep the bilge clear. List, to lean over continuously. Lizard, a lanyard with a thimble to confine another rope or to slip at pleasure. Loose sails, letting them fall free to dry or for use. Lubber, a man not skilled in seamanship. Lubber's hole, an open space in the top near the eyes of the rigging, through which a man can crawl instead of going outside. Luff, an order to steer closer to the wind ; of a sail, the fore-part of a stay-sail, try-sail, or jib, and the weather-side for the time being of any square sail. Luff-tackle, is formed of 3-inch or 4-inch rope, a double and a single block, and is used for various temporary purposes. Make sail, to set sail. Make water, to leak. Manger, a tight enclosure to catch the water from the hawse-pipes. Man-rope, placed over the side at the gangway for people to climb up by, and at other places. Man yards, men to stand in a row on each, as a salute. Marl, to secure things together by a suc- cession of half-hitches. Marling, soft-laid white line for securing sails to the bolt-rope. Marling -spike, an iron or copper spike used by sailmakers and riggers. Marry, to fit the strands together ready for splicing. Martingale, a tackle to keep down a spar. Maul, a large double-headed hammer used by riggers. Messenger, an endless rope or chain from the capstan to bring in the cable. M id- ships, the centre, or, when applied to the helm, the neutral point. Miss stays, to try to tack and fail. Mooring-swivel, a swivel with four short legs to meet two cables from the anchors and two bridles from the hawse. Mouse, a swelling or obstruction raised on a stay ; also a seizing across the point of a hook. Reaped, of a ship, to be in a dock or on shore requiring more water to float than neap-tides afford. Near, a caution to the helmsman that the ship is too close to the wind. Necklace, a chain or band round a lower mast for the futtock rigging to be set up to, or round the top-mast for the top-gallant rigging to reeve through. Kip, the part of the rope which beat's the chief strain ; to freshen the nip is to veer out and change the place. Nipper, a selvagee, rope, or chain for binding the messenger to the cable. Norman, a block or wood placed in one of the holes of a capstan for veering a rope by. Nun-buoy, a ouoy of any material in the form of a double cone. Offing, a distance from the land. Off the wind, not so close as she might be if sailing on a wind. Open, an anchorage is open when exposed to the sea; the hawse when the cables are clear of each other ; an object when visible, not obscured. Orlop-deck, the lowest in large ships. Out of trim, when the weights are wrongly placed. Overhaul, to slacken every part of a tackle ; to overtake ; to examine. Painter, the rope by which boats are made fast. Parbuckle, to hoist by rolling a thing with two ropes. Parcelling, covering a rope with strips of tarred canvas. Parrels, stout ropes covered with leather, used to confine an upper yard to the mast. Parting, breaking, as parting the cable. Pay a seam, filling it with pitch. Pay away and pay out, applied to slacking hawsers or cables. Pay down, lowering things, as the cable to be coiled or stowed. Pay off, from the wind, as by hoisting head-sail or putting the helm up ; to pay and dismiss the crew. Peak, the outer part of a gaff and of a gaff-sail. Pendant, a large rope with a tackle attached. Pennant, a narrow signal flag ; a long strip flown by ships of war. Pig. one part of iron ballast ; the largest is 3 cwt. Pintle, a large pin bolted to the rudder, by which it is hinged. Pitching and sending signifies plunging the bow into one wave and the stern into another. Plain sail, all except studding-sails and stay-sails between the masts. Point, a plat- ting or line to tie up a reef; to secure the end of a rope with knittles. Pooped, a vessel is said to be pooped when a wave breaks over the stern. Port, the modern word for left. Press of sail, very much sail. Preventer- brace, an additional rope to support the yard during a gale. Prize, to move by a lever or a spar ; a lawful capture. Purchase, a tackle or lever. Quarter, the part of the side near the stern, hence quarter-boat ; also the part of a yard between the centre and the yard-arm. Back, a frame with sheaves and belaying pins. Rake, to fire through a ship from end to end ; the inclination of the masts aft. Range of cable, it was for- merly customary to haul up cable equal to the depth of water. Rap-full, the wind acting fully on every sail. Ratlins or rollings, small lines as steps up the rigging. Razee, a ship reduced in height by one or more decks. Reach, the open straight part of a river between two bends. Ready about, ready o' ready, words of warning preparatory to tacking. Reef-tackles and reef-pendants, for hauling up the leeches of top-sails and courses ready for reefing ; the latter also on a boom for reefing a sail. Reeving-line, a small rope rove through blocks to drag a larger one after it. 11? fit, general repair. Relieving tackles, placed on a tiller to assist the wheel-ropes during a gale. Rendering, slipping, not holding as a knot or fastening should. i:n,* and trucks, flat boards and rollers alternating ; used for jaw -ropes and parrels. Riding between wind and tide, when balanced between the two. Riding cable, the cable bearing the strain. Rigging stoppers, for securing the standing rigging when broken. Right a vessel, to recover the upright position. Right the helm, to relinquish the position the helm is in at any moment and place it in midships. Ring- ropes, cable stoppers which pass through the ring-bolts. Roband.i, small tyers to fasten a top-sail or course to a jack -stay. Rogue's yarn, a thread of worsted spun in the rope to mark it ; each British royal dockyard formerly used a differ- ent colour. Rolling tackle, stretched from the lee quarter of a yard to the mast, to relieve the parrel or truss from the jerking strain of the lee roll. Roping, the bordering of every sail. Round down, to overhaul, to slack by hand. Rounding, old 3-inch or 4-inch rope for hack purposes. Round in the mather- braces, the wind becoming more favourable, to bring the yards nearer to square. Roundly, to lower or veer quickly. Humid to, to come to the wind and heave to. Round turn, a double twist in a cable ; to veer a rope round a bit-head or cleat. Round up, to shorten up a tackle ; to pull up a slack rope through a block. Rouse it in, as hauling a hawser by hand without a purchase. Rowlock, an opening in the gunwale of a boat for an oar. Rudder chains and pendants are shackled to a band on the rudder ready to steer the ship if the rudder-head gives way. Rudder coat, canvas or leather round the aperture and rudder-head to exclude the sea. Runner and tackle, a long pendant and tackle for staying lower masts ; the chief support aft to a cutter's mast. Runnimj riyyiny, that which is rove through blocks, or is otherwise hauled upon. Saddle, a wooden rest for the heel of the jibboom and the end of the spanker boom. Sag to leewartl, to make more leeway than headway. Sail close to (he wind, to sail with the sails barely full. Sail large or free, to sail off the wind, as "with a flowing sheet." Sail tackle, from the top-mast-head to sway up top-sails and top-sail-yards. Samson-post, a strong piece of elm to fit against a beam above it and in a stop on the deck. Scandalize a boom main-sail, to trice up the tack and drop the peak. Scope of cable, the length veered out of the hawse. Scotchman, an iron plate to protect a part of the rigging from chafing. Scudding, running before a gale either with or without sail ; the latter is described as "under bare poles." Scull, a small oar. Sculling, propelling a boat by moving the flat of the oar over the stern to and fro while changing the angle. Scupper, a passage for water to run off a deck. Scuttle, a hole in the side to admit light and air ; a hole made in the side or deck to let water flow in. Sea, a wave ; a long sea or a short sea has reference to the distance between the waves. Sea-boat, a vessel is said to be a good or bad sea-boat according as she behaves in a gale. Sea-room, free from land or shoals. Seizing, a small lashing. Selvagee, a strap made of yarns or small rope wound as a skein and marled together. Sending, see "pitching." Sennit, a platting of three or more rope-yarns. Serving, covering a rope closely with spun-yam, hove on by a serving mallet. Set up, applied to standing rigging to make it tight. Setting-Jid, a largt cone of wood used in fitting rigging. Sewed, to be lifted out of the water, as by running on a ledge, or being left by the tide. Shackle, a curved bar, with two eyes and a bolt, for joining chains. Shank- painter, a stopper which holds up the fluke of an anchor at the bows. Shaj* a course, to steer in the desired direction, the wind favouring. Shear-hulk, a vessel fitted permanently with shears. Shears, two large spars with their heads lashed and heels spread, for masting ships and lifting heavy weights. Sheave, a wheel of brass or lignum vitae for ropes to travel on ; all the fakes of a coil of rojie to complete a layer. Sheer, to swerve from the course, the curve formed by the bow and stern being higher than the centre. Sheer-battcm, a bar of iron to keep the dead-eyes square. Sheer off, to edge away. Sheet, the rope which holds the lee lower corner of a sail. Sheet-anchor, one of the largest, and the third for use. Sheet home, to haul the sheets of square sails to their positions. Shift the helm, put it over the other way. Shipped, taken on board ; anything fixed in its place for use. Shipshape, in a proper and seamanlike manner. Shiver a sail, to make it shake and render it neutral. Shoot, to go ahead after the propulsion has ceased. Shorten sail, to take in some portion. Skid, a spar for something to rest or slide upon. Skin of a sail, the part ex- posed when it is furled. Skipper, the old name for the master of a small vessel. Slab of a sail, the slack part which hangs down after the leech-lines are hauled up. Sleepers, timbers in the hold and strengthening pieces in the tops. Slew, to turn or cant over. Slips, ropes with toggles, shackles, and tongues, and various contrivances for letting go quickly. Small helm, when the sails are well balanced and the rudder but little used. Small sail, and snug soil, low and reduced, ready for bad weather. Sound, to ascertain the depth of the sea, or of water in the pump-well. Span, two parts of a rope spread to divide the strain, or for making a point secure in an intermediate place. Spanish windlass, a bar of iron and two marling-spikes to heave seizings taut ; tightening ropes by twisting them together by a lever. Spell, a turn or relief. Spider, a small iron outrigger, to keep the main-brace block clear of the counter. Spilling-lints, ropes passed round a part of a sail which is flapping, to confine it. Spitfire-jib, a small storm -sail used in cutters. Splice, to join two ropes by entwining the strands. Splice the main -brace, to give a glass of grog to every man after some unusual fatigue, or on some occasion of rejoicing. Splicing-tails, a short piece of chain with three tapering tails, for splicing to a hemp cable. Spring, a hawser from the after-part to cant the ship. Spring a leak, to cause a leak by straining. Sprit-sail, formerly set on the sprit-sail-yard ; an efficient four-sided sail for boats and barges, the peak of which is held up by a spar called a sprit. Sprung, cracked, fractured. Spun-yarn, rope-yarns laid up together softly. Square-rigged, having yards and square sails, as ships and brigs have. Square sails, those set upon such yards as have lifts and braces, regardless of their proportions. Square yards, to adjust them by means of their lifts and braces. Stand by a rope, to be in readiness to let it go. Standing off and on, sailing to and fro, as off a port. Standing part, the fixed end of a running rope. Standing rigging, such as shrouds and stays. Stand on, to continue the same progress and course. Starbo(ird, the right-hand side. Starboard and port tack express the direction of the wind, on the right hand and on the left respectively. Stay-sails, any sail set on a stay, except the jib, flying-jib, and fore-sails of cutters and schooners. Steady, to the helm ; to keep the same course. Steadying -lines, passed from eye-bolts in the gunnel of a boat to the slings to keep it upright. Sleeve, the angle which the bowsprit forms with the horizon. Stem, on, stnking head foremost at right angles, the reverse of stern on. Stem-board, having considerable stern-way. Stevedore, see "estivodor." Stiffness, stability under canvas. Stirrup, a short rope from a yard to support a foot-rope. Stop, a light temporary seizing. Storm-sails, stay-sails and try-sails of the strongest canvas. Stranded, when one strand is broken ; wrecked on a beach. Stream-anchor, about one-third to one-fourth the weight of a bower anchor. Stream the buoy, to throw over the buoy which is to watch over the anchor. Strike, to send clown from aloft. Strike colours, a token of submission. Strike soundings, to succeed in reaching the bottom with the lead. Studding-sails, light four-sided sails set only with a fair wind. Surge, to slack back quickly, as a hawser round a capstan, to make it slip up to its place. Swab, a large bundle of rope-yams for soaking up water ; a drunkard. Sway away, to hoist by running with a rope. Sweep, a large oar ; to search the bottom with a hawser or chain. Swifter, a single shroud, when there is an odd one ; to draw rigging together ; a rope or bar to keep things equidistant, or in their proper places. Swinging, the act of turning to the change of wind and tide. Swinging boom, a large spar for spreading the foot of the lower studding-sail ; in harbour for making boats fast. Tabernacle, a frame for receiving the heel of a boat's most to make it higher. Tack, the lower weather corner of every sail ; to change course by bringing the wind ahead and round to the other side. Taken aback, applied to a vessel when the wind coining ahead reverses the action of all the sails. Taking in. sail, clewing it up and perhaps furling it. Taunt, high masts, comparatively. Taut (also taught), the only word among seamen to signify tight. Tending to the tide, beginning to swing to the change of tide in opposition to the wind. Thimble, an iron ring with a score to receive a rope; union thimble, two thimHos welded within each other. Tholepin, a peg of wood on the gunwale of a boat to confine the oar. Thorough-foot, the fall of a tackle being foul,