Page:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition, v. 21.djvu/408

Rh 386 S C H S C H high and sacred art matured in Rome Schadow trans- planted to Diisseldorf ; he reorganized the Academy, which in a few years grew famous as a centre of Christian art to which pupils flocked from all sides. In 1837 the director selected, at request, those of his scholars best qualified to decorate the chapel of St Apollinaris on the Rhine with frescos, which when finished were accepted as the fullest and purest manifestation of the Diisseldorf school on its spiritual side. To 1842 belong the Wise and Foolish Virgins, in the Stadel Institute, Frankfort; this large and important picture is carefully considered and wrought, but lacks power. Schadow's fame indeed rests less on his own creations than on the school he formed ; he imparted to others nobility of conception, beauty of form, refine- ment and delicacy in expression and execution. Yet the master in Diisseldorf encountered opposition: a reaction set in against the spiritual and sacerdotal style he had established ; a younger generation rose who stigmatized his system as narrow and bigoted ; and in 1859 the party of naturalism and realism after a severe struggle drove the venerable director from his chair. Schadow died at Diissel- dorf in 1862, and a monument in the platz which bears his name was raised at the jubilee held to commemorate his directorate. (j. B. A.) SCHAFARIK (in Bohemian SAFA^IR), PAUL JOSEPH (1795-1861), was by origin a Slovak, and was born in 1795 at Kobeljarova, a village of northern Hungary, where his father was a Protestant clergyman. It was not till his sixteenth year that any enthusiasm was aroused in him for the language and literature of his race. At this time an essay of Jungmann's fell into his hands, and at once gave a direction to his studies. His first production was a volume of poems in Bohemian entitled The Muse of Tatra with a Slavonic Lyre, published at Levocza in 1814. After this we find him collecting Slovak songs. In 1815 he began a course of study at the university of Jena, and while there translated into Czech the Clouds of Aristophanes and the Maria Stuart of Schiller. In 1817 he came to Prague and joined the literary circle of which Dobrovsky, Jungmann, and Hanka were members. In 1819 he was appointed headmaster of the high school at Neusatz (Novi Sad) in the south of Hungary ; he remained occupied with the duties of this office till 1833. But besides his educa- tional functions he busied himself with the study of Servian literature and antiquities, and acquired many rare books and manuscripts. In 1826 his Geschichte der Slaioischen Sprache und Literatur nach alien Mundarten appeared at Pesth. This may truly be called an epoch-making book in the history of Slavonic studies. It was the first attempt to give anything like a systematic account of the Slavonic languages, the knowledge of which was at that time in such a rudimentary state that even Schafarik is not able to classify properly the Bulgarian language, but has grouped it with Servian. In 1833 appeared his Serbische Lesekorner oder historisch-kritische Beleuchtung der Serbischen Mundart, and in 1837 his great work SlovansM Starozitnosti (" Slavonic Antiquities "), by which he is at the present time best known. The " Antiquities " have been translated into Polish, Russian, and German, and we are promised an English version shortly from the pen of Mrs Alexander Kerr. This valuable work was enlarged and improved in the second edition, which appeared among the collected works of Schafarik, edited by Jirec'ek after the author's death. In 1840 he published in conjunction with Palacky Die altesten Denkmaler der Bohmischen Sprache, in which he defended the authenticity of those Bohemian docu- ments which have been declared spurious by some scholars. In the year 1837 poverty compelled him to accept the uncongenial office of censor of Czech publications, which he abandoned in 1847 on becoming custodian of the Prague public library. In 1842 he published his valuable work Slovansky Ndrodopis, which gives a complete account of Slavonic ethnology. In 1848 he was made professor of Slavonic philology in the university of Prague, but resigned it in the following year, probably from causes in some way connected with the political troubles of that period, of which Prague was one of the centres. He was then made keeper of the university library, in which office he con- tinued till his death in 1861. He had long been in broken health, his pains of body being augmented by brain dis- ease, which had been brought on by his severe literary labours and also by family anxieties. His latter days were devoted to philology, one of the chief subjects treated of by him being the antiquity of the Glagolitic alphabet, about which he held very different opinions at various periods of his life. He was also for some time conductor of the " Journal " of the Bohemian Museum, and edited the first volume of the Vybor, or selections from old Czech writers, which appeared under the auspices of the literary society in 1845. To this he prefixed a grammar of the Old Bohemian language. His correspondence with Pogodin has been published by Prof. Nil Popoff of Moscow among the letters of that eminent scholar. Schafarik was a man of the purely literary type, an indefatigable worker, an enthusiast, and a sincere patriot. The study of Slavonic philology and ethnology has advanced since his time, but the greater part of his work is permanent and monumental. Besides his collected writings (Sebrane Spisy), which were reprinted at Prague after his death during the years 1862-1865, a posthumous work by him also made its appearance, edited by J. Jirec'ek, Oeschiehte der Siidslawischqn Literatur. SCHAFFHAUSEN, in area (111-7 square miles) and actual population (38,348) the 19th and in relative density of population the 7th of the cantons of Switzer- land, forms the most northern angle of the Swiss territory, and lies on the right or German side of the Rhine, which separates it from the cantons of Thurgau and Zurich. It is divided into three distinct portions by spurs of the grand-duchy of Baden, which also possesses the small enclave of Biisingen on the Rhine. Geologically it belongs for the most part to the Swabian Jura, and directly or indirectly it all drains to the Rhine, which forms its famous falls in the neighbourhood of the chief town (see RHINE, vol. xx. p. 519). In the broad straths of the Klettgau vine-growing and agriculture go hand in hand (the wines of Hallau being in high repute) ; the more elevated districts of Rauden and Reyat (highest point 3040 feet above the sea) raise the grain-production of the canton above the home demand, and also provide large quantities of potatoes, hemp, and fruit. Under a careful regime the forests are recovering from a state of comparative exhaustion. The Schaffhausen cattle are partly Swabian and partly Swiss ; Klettgau has a special breed of pigs of its own. Manufacturing industries have their best development at Schaffhausen-Neuhausen. The population, which increased from 35,300 in 1850 to 38,348 in 1880, is almost exclusively of German speech (230 individuals only using other languages). Protestants are to Roman Catholics as 8 to 1 (33,897 and 4154); the latter are attached to the bishopric of Basel. Schaffhausen has been a member of the Swiss confederation since 1501. By the new constitution of 1876 it became remarkably democratic. The great council consists of representatives of the people elected for four years at the rate of one for every five hundred inhabitants. On the petition of any thousand of the electors, a measure may be introduced to the chamber or submitted to the direct vote of the citizens. The five members of the administration are also popularly elected. Education is well endowed, primary education being compulsory. A reformatory for destitute children is maintained at Friedeck, near Buch.